Foucault Questions Essay Example for Free

Foucault Questions Essay What are the limitations? 2. What distinctions can be made between the ordering and controlling of leprosy and the plague? 3. What does Foucault mean by â€Å"rituals of exclusion† and â€Å"†disciplinary projects†? 4. How does the panoptic mechanism differ from a dungeon? What are the principal characteristics of each? What are the goals of each? 5. What importance does Foucault attribute to â€Å"visibility†? What role do visibility and invisibility play in panoptic structures of power? . Foucault states, â€Å"The plague-stricken town, the panoptic establishment – the differences are important. † What are those differences and how are they important? 7. In describing Panopticism, Foucault is meticulous in tracing the historical evolution of the panopticon as a disciplinary mechanism. What is his purpose in doing so? Why is he so careful? 8. Outline the major historical events Foucault cites. With what example(s) does Foucault begin? With what does he end? 9. What does Foucault mean when he says that disciplinary projects moved from the margins of society to the center? What is meant by â€Å"margin†? What is meant by â€Å"center†? What is the significance of this transition of discipline from the margins to the center? 10. What does Foucault mean when he says that societies of antiquity were â€Å"societies of spectacle† and modern societies are â€Å"societies of surveillance†? What are the differences? What historical events created such differences?

Exchange rate policies suitable for developing countries

Exchange rate policies suitable for developing countries Exchange rate is one of the central factors that influence the monetary policies in developing countries. A country can choose to make use of a fixed exchange rate (Single or Multi-currency peg), intermediate regime like (Adjustable or Crawling peg) or adopt a flexible exchange rate depending upon the supply rate of money and her monetary self-sufficiency. In any developing country where institutions are weak, the exchange rates are generally determined by relaying in comparative measures with currencies from other sound economies. In this essay attempt is, to look at the options available to developing countries in deciding what exchange policy might be most suitable for them .The effects of adopting dollarization or currency unions in developing countries will also be examined. According to the IMF approximately 85% of developing countries had fixed exchange-rate arrangements  [1]  before the collapse of Bretton Woods fixed system. A sharp shift of exchange rate systems was obs erved when fixed exchange rate system collapsed in 1970. The purposes of an exchange regimes is to have a sustainable current account deficit, trade competitiveness, keeping inflation in check, to have high employment and achieve microeconomic efficiency in resources to maximize income levels. But empirical observations reveal that there are many trade-offs between these objectives. Floating exchange rate is where the government do not have an exchange rate target. It allows the economy to pursue an independent monetary policy strategy such as inflation targeting and the market determines the exchange rate level. The regime helps to facilitate real adjustment. Exchange rate movement provides a buffer against real shocks that may arise from adverse terms of trade development for developing countries. There are two types of floating rates an independent float and lightly managed float available for consideration. The difference between the two exchange rates is that independent float its operated freely with no intervention from the monetary authority and the exchange rate will determine the supply and demand but in lightly managed exchange rate system their will be occasional intervention direct and indirect from the monetary policy to moderate excessive fluctuation. In recent years many developing countries have adopted market determine floating system. They include Uganda in mid 1982, Uruguay in late 1982 that was followed by Dominican Republic in 1985. As Friedman argued in the early 1950s,if prices move slowly, it is both faster and less costly to move the nominal exchange rate in response to a shock that requires an adjustment in the real exchange rate  [2]   There is also an argument against floating exchange rate policy for developing countries know as fear of floating as labeled by Calvo and Reinhart (2002)  [3]  . It is argued that floating exchange causes rapid movement often undesirable, in real exchange rates. Inflation targeting under floating system is problematic given the fiscal dominance and weak financial system in developing countries. For example Brazil faced problems in inflation targeting under floating exchange policy due to the volatility nature in exchange rate brought as effected by external shock and expectations. Its currency in 1999 depreciated from R$ 1.20 to R$ 2.06  [4]  Other examples are of Indonesia and Thailand that displayed considerable instability in the 1970s and 1980s. The huge fluctuation caused by volatility of the nominal exchange rates, which in turn may be caused by the increased volatility of capital flows.  [5]  As the diagram shows below  [6]  : www.fondad.org/uploaded/%20Imbalances/Fondad-imbalances-Part3.pdf Fixed exchange rate policy is another policy where central banks will protect exchange rate. In this case, policy maker will allow value of currency to move within certain band limit with reference to other country or basket of currency, that is usually their leading trading partner. It is seen as an anchor against inflation that is important for a developing country that have tendency to hyper inflate. Furthermore if nominal shocks prevail in an economy, fixed exchange rate regime can accommodate money demand or supply shocks while minimising output volatility in a country. That helps to bring a more stable environment for international trade and also benefits from investment due to absence of a currency risk premium. For example China operates under a fixed exchange rate regime and has benefited from the competitiveness that its goods have, due to its currency being undervalued and not being allowed to appreciate. It resulted in an increase of foreign exchange reserves to $514.54 billion for China. The drawback from a fixed exchange rate is that central bank will lose last resort lending power. Central bank lending activities will only be effective if the backing of a credible institutional setting is available. Therefore, even if adopting a regime that allows the central bank to print money, a non-credible banking rescue operation is likely to trigger inflationary expectations and increase the probability of observing a devaluing currency. This is due to exhaustion of reserves and collapse of the fixed exchange rate system implying a big political cost for the policy makers as evident by Bretton Wood fixed exchange rate system collapse in 1970. Given the problems of both fixed and floating exchange rate systems countries have tried to adopt various intermediate regimes in an effort to combine the advantages of the two systems. It is where country can either use adjustable peg system or crawling peg regime that both defend the peg. But the only difference is that under adjustable peg monetary policy can alter the exchange rate and crawling peg reserves the right to change the peg in steps, which are small but discretionary in size and timing. The pegs allow country to maintain stability and competitiveness. On the basis to reduce inflation by moderating inflation, a problem faced by many developing countries. As Williamson (2000) has argued that such intermediate regimes could, in principle, allow countries to reap the benefits of fixed and flexible regimes without incurring some of their costs.  [7]   This intermediate regime also faces problems such as currency crisis if the country is open to international capital markets and is seen to encourage foreign debt. For example Argentina and Chile who implemented crawling peg regime in mid 1960s to deal with high inflation, managed to relax the balance of payment constraint and experienced acceleration in economic growth  [8]  . There are also adverse effects related to crawling pegs regime in the form of inflation as evident in Argentina that saw inflation around 30% per year and Colombia whos inflation around 5-10% before crawling pegs to 25% after crawling pegs was implemented by the late 1970s and early 1980s  [9]  . This would impact country growth as Khan and Senhadji estimated that inflations negative impact on growth in for developing economies that seems to happen for inflation rates exceeding 11-12%  [10]   Countries with macro economic instability can adopt alternative currency such as dollar known as Dollarization. The adopting of dollarization will help bring credibility to the countrys financial system, remove currency risk, eliminate currency mismatching and stop exchange rate attacks due to mismatching currency that causes adverse balance sheet affects of large devaluation. Countries have options where they can adopt a Full Dollarization system that would mean country would surrender its ability to issue currency like Panama and Ecuador in 2000. They can also adopt a Partial Dollarization if a country is suffering from high inflation and there is a history of economic instability like Bolivia, Peru and Uruguay in 1980  [11]  . In circumstances where there are monetary weaknesses, instability and loss of confidence, Investors would be reluctant to invest in that economy, as they would like to hold safer assets. Dollar is more dominant and creditable as U.S Federal Reserve backs it. Therefore removing speculations or hedging against currency is not possible. Dollarization attracts Foreign Currency Deposits that stops any reverse capital flights. Thus by adopting the currency of a credible economy, a country is effectively tackling the inflation bias problem studied by Barro and Gordon (1983)  [12]  . For example Ecuador contracted -7.3% in 1999, saw its economy grow by 2.3% in 2000, the year dollarization occurred and 5.6% in 2001  [13]  . The costs of dollarization are, the loss of independent monetary policy, lack of a lender of last resort (and thus the need for additional dollar assets), and the loss of seignior age. Currency union is similar to dollarization with minor difference, as some countries keep their own currency. Members of currency union surrender their monetary independence for significant trade increase and stable exchange rates. Countries benefit at a micro level due to sharing of currency. That brings a deeper integration of financial sector, as they are sharing single money like those operating under the Franc Zone in Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC) and West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA). Research indicates that there is no clear choice on what exchange rate regime works best for developing countries. As one exchange rate might be beneficial for one country but could be problematic for another. It is because all countries have different policy objectives and different economic environment. As important consensus on the choice of exchange rate regimes is that no single exchange rate regime is best for all countries or at all times (Frankel 1999, Mussa 2000)  [14]  . Exchange rate policy has its benefits like it absorb adverse shocks, brings credibility, ease currency attacks by adopting alternative currency and currency unions that increase trade. But there are tradeoffs when country joins an exchange rate policy, such as losing monetary independence. Furthermore the country would need to look at whether it has adequate financial system in place to deal with shocks. The choice of policy would be determined by what macroeconomic factors are given more weight. Words: 1592 Refrences: Books Micheal G. Hall, (2005), New Developments of The Exchange Rate Regimes In Developing Countries, The Political Role of The Banking Sector, P87 Subrata Ghatak, Josà © Roberto Sà ¡nchez-Fung, (2007), Monetary Economics In Developing, 3rd Edition, Palgrave Macmillan, P139, P176, P192, Internet www.worldbank.org/afr/wps/wp16.pdf www.carnegie-rochester.rochester.edu/April04-pdfs/regimes_cr.pdf www.fondad.org/uploaded/%20Imbalances/Fondad-imbalances-Part3.pdf (function() { var scribd = document.createElement("script"); scribd.type = "text/javascript"; scribd.async = true; scribd.src = "https://www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s); })() ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v90y2000i2p71-75.html ideas.repec.org/p/unc/g24pap/5.html http://www.mindspring.com/~tbgray/dollar.htm Journals Anoop Singh, Agnà ¨s Belaisch, Charles Collyns, Paula De Masi, Reva Krieger, Guy Meredith, and Robert Rennhack, (2005), Stabilization and Reform in Latin America A Macroeconomic Perspective on the Experience Since the Early 1990s, P80

Heart Of Darkness :: essays research papers

Many authors utilize loaded language to try and convey another possible meaning behind the story. However, it is often neglected and the reader never comes to such a realization. But it is quite clear through Joseph Conrad’s choice of words, that there is a suggestion of an allusionary meaning, which is the determination of heaven, hell, and purgatory.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Part one gives a wealth of information to suggest and alternate meaning. The way that I chose to interpret the beginning was that of the story of creation-a new boat, a new voyage, and a new life-just as Adam and Eve had begun. Marlow was starting off sinless and without a fault. Then, Marlow comes across “a man who [hung] himself.'; (p. 12) According to Catholicism, suicide is considered a sin,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Through the use of loaded language, Conrad assumes a direct relationship between the story of Adam and Eve to the man who hung himself. As Marlow and his companions walked through the countryside, they eventually wound up in a different location, an “inhabited devastation'; where there are people, a place where sinners reside.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is a large contrast from where Marlow started out, which was seemingly the Garden of Eden. Reading the section of the story that I did consider the Garden of Eden, I felt quite empty, as if it was a place where only Marlow and his companions were. Conrad used detail in this section which really made me pick up on this feeling of loneliness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When we finally arrive to the “inhabited devastation,'; the feeling that Marlow along with his companions are the only people there, evaporate. Immediately, the mountainous scenery strikes me. The details that Conrad gives of this specific places, gives me a very cold feeling. All around, the reader receives a geometric description of the natives, who are a part of the inhabited devastation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Just as Adam and Eve are out of place, the reader can assume the same of Marlow and his companions. However, we are not fully aware of one sin that Marlow has come across, the sin of suicide. It has to have played a part in their expulsion.

Stewardship Essay -- essays research papers

Around the world in Christian and secular circles we hear the word stewardship. Not only is stewardship one of the basic issues discussed in scripture, but it’s also something we neglect as something we need to concentrate on while going through our own Christian walk. We live in a society that is very individualistic, concentrating on whatever will bring pleasure and make us feel good. Stewardship definitely doesn’t fit into the way society is today. Before going to far into this, what exactly is stewardship? Stewardship is taking care of or managing every God-given resource with an attitude of responsibility directing such resources for his intended purposes. To truly understand stewardship, we need to first look at what God says in his inherent word about this issue. The stewardship principle is a three-part practice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To break this process down, one can see the simplicity and complexity of this process and how it fits into God’s perfect plan. First, we were all created in God’s image. Being image bearers of Christ gives us great responsibility to those who know and love Christ because everyday we are representing the King of Kings wherever we go. The second principle of stewardship is the redemption principle. Since Christ died for us on the cross, he set us free from the bondage of sin. Even though we are fallen people and sin daily, Christ has already paid the price in full, and has forgiven us of those sins in advance. The last part of th...

Comparing Chinese Culture in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club and Kitchen Go

Chinese Culture Exposed in Joy Luck Club and Kitchen God's Wife  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Traditional Chinese customs are described in great detail in Amy Tan's books. This rich culture adds interesting and mesmerizing detail to the intricate stories of both The Joy Luck Club and The Kitchen God's Wife.    Traditions are apparent throughout all of the stories in The Joy Luck Club. One of the first instances is in the story from Ying-Ying St. Clair entitled "The Moon Lady." Ying-Ying is describing the Festival of the Moon Lady, a festival dedicated to the lady who lives on the moon and once a year comes down to earth to grant your secret wish--something you want but cannot ask. This excerpt describes proper traditional dress (ornate clothing saved for special occasions), delicious foods such as rabbits feet and mooncakes (saved for special occasions), fireworks, and family gathered all together. This is one of the most richly detailed and culturally authentic stories in the novel.    The other story that strikes the reader as containing vivid culture and tradition is Lindo Jong's "The Red Candle." This story, like Winnie Louie's, describes in great detail the customs of arranged marriages. Lindo Jong begins by talking about the village matchmaker coming to her housewhen she was two years old. The matchmaker, Huang Taitai, looked her over and said, "An earth horse for an earth sheep. This is the best marriage combination." Lindo says that Huang Taitai looked right through her and saw that she would be a perfect wife--a strong, hard, good worker, eager to please her elders in their old age. Lindo describes what happened next:    This is how I became betrothed to Huang Taitai's son, who I later discovered was just a baby, o... ...s not considered a sufficient departure for the deceased.    Traditional Chinese customs are described in great detail in Amy Tan's books. This rich culture adds interesting and mesmerizing detail to the intricate stories of both The Joy Luck Club and The Kitchen God's Wife.    Works Cited Conrad, Tammy S. "Creating an Asian-American Mythology: Storytelling in Amy Tan's Fiction". Tammy S. Conrad's Thesis. 1998. Available:   <http://english.ttu.edu/faculty/conrad/thesis.html. Huntley, E.D. Amy Tan: A Critical Companion. Westport, CT, Greenwood Press, 1998 Tan, Amy. The Kitchen God's Wife. New York, Ballantine Books, 1991. Tan, Amy. The Joy Luck Club. Vintage Contemporaries. New York: A Division of Random House, Inc. 1993. Wu, Shelley. "What is Chinese Astrology" Available: http://www.chineseastrology.com/wu/whatis.html

Media Supporting Information Technology

? ROLE OF MEDIA TO PROMOTE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ROLE OF MEDIA TO PROMOTE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SUBMITTED TO: Ms. Tazeen Erum, Faculty Business Communication Institute of Business Management SUBMITTED BY: Hozefa Rasool, (MBA-IM) Ather Khan, (MBA-IM) September 02, 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction A. Introduction to Information Technology 1. Application of Information Technology. B. Historical Background. 1. Pre-Mechanical Age 2. Mechanical Age 3. Electro Mechanical Age. 4. Electronics Age. C. Introduction to Media 1. Forms & Applications of Media II. Media Promoting Information Technology A. Broadcasting Revolution B. Printing as |Stronger Media C. Virtual University D. Efficient Media Reporting E. Electronic Newspaper III. Analysis of Infra-Structure IV. References September 02, 2007 Ms. Tazeen Erum, Faculty Business Communication Institute of Business Management Korangi Creek Karachi. Dear Ms. Erum: Here is the report on â€Å"Role of Media to Promote IT,† which you assigned us on August 5, 2007 at Iobm. I hope you find our effort according to your requirments and expectations. The contents of this report prove that Media has been major player in the promotion of IT. The report is based on our observations, technical know how and various sources which have been mentioned at the end of this report. Humanity has progressed from agricultural revolution to the industrial revolution and is now moving to an information revolution, where knowledge is the prime resource for production of goods and services. Just as machines have extended man's mechanical power and his convenience and comfort. The invention of printing was the first big break-through in Information Technology. It enabled literacy and education to go up from 10% to over 80% within 50 years by making available vast amount of reading material. That reading also led to the Reformation in Europe. Other break-through for Information Technology were the inventions like telegraphy, telephony, wireless or radio, television, broadcasting, computers (from room size to desk top to lap top to palm top and very soon, wearable ones. ) Information Technology as commonly picturised by computers, is extending man's mind or brain or intellectual power. Information Technology devices like microprocessors are becoming mass appliances from pace makers for the heart, hearing aids, and efficiency enhancers in automobile engines and devices to steer space vehicles on the moon. The computing power in the few micro processors that are now in a Ford Motor Car is much more than all the computing power that was put in the space vehicle that landed the first men on the moon and brought them back. I hope the report will be self explanatory, if not or you have any ambiguity, please contact us [email  protected] om Sincerely Hozefa Rasool Ather Khan INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Information technology (IT), as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA), is â€Å"the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware. † In short, IT deals with the use of electronic computers and computer software to convert, store, protect, process, transmit and retrieve information, securely. Recently it has become popular to broaden the term to explicitly include the field of electronic communication so that people tend to use the abbreviation ICT (Information and Communications Today, the term information technology has ballooned to encompass many aspects of computing and technology, and the term is more recognizable than ever before. The information technology umbrella can be quite large, covering many fields. IT professionals perform a variety of duties that range from installing applications to designing complex computer networks and information databases. A few of the duties that IT professionals perform may include: Data management Computer networking Computer engineering Database systems design Software design Management information systems Systems management or System administration The use of information technology is penetrating a still wider part of human life, linking areas of human life and making different media and technologies converge and dissolve into new ones, broadening the scope of interest for ISD research accordingly. Various academic disciplines deal with issues related to the use and development of information technology: information systems research, human-computer interaction, computer supported collaborative work, theoretical computer science etc. As these disciplines are getting more and more intertwined and interdependent the need for an integrating conceptual basis is becoming urgent. The hypothesis behind the present collection of papers is that activity theory is such a suitable theoretical basis. Ultimately, information technology is about some familiar ideas: Improved access to information Increased staff productivity Lower operations costs APPLICATIONS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Because new technologies such as personal computers are complex and an element of uncertainty exists in the minds of decision makers with respect to the successful adoption of them, people form attitudes and intentions toward trying to learn to use the new technology prior to initiating efforts directed at using. Attitudes towards usage and intentions to use may be ill-formed or lacking in conviction or else may occur only after preliminary strivings to learn to use the technology evolve. Thus, actual usage may not be a direct or immediate consequence of such attitudes and intentions. (Bagozzi et al. 1992) PC Revolution is now well into its third decade and the continuing improvements in the user friendliness of PCs and Macs, printers and scanners, and software and the Internet has been enormous. The major application areas of Information Technology are briefly described. Data Management Data management comprises all the disciplines related to managing data as a valuable resource. The official definition provided by DAMA is that â€Å"Data Resource Management is the development and execution of architectures, policies, practices and procedures that properly manage the full data lifecycle needs of an enterprise. † This definition is fairly broad and encompasses a number of professions which may not have direct technical contact with lower-level aspects of data management, such as relational database management. Computer Networking Computer networking is the engineering discipline concerned with communication between computer systems or devices. Communicating computer systems constitute a computer network and these networks generally involve at least two devices capable of being networked with at least one usually being a computer. The devices can be separated by a few meters (e. g. via Bluetooth) or nearly unlimited distances (e. g. via the Internet). Computer networking is sometimes considered a sub-discipline of telecommunication, and sometimes of computer science, information technology and computer engineering. Computer networks rely heavily upon the theoretical and practical application of these scientific and engineering disciplines. Examples of networks are the Internet, or a small home local area network (LAN) with two computers connected with standard networking cables connecting to a network interface card in each computer. Data Base Management System The Data Base Management System accepts requests for data from the application program and instructs the operating system to transfer the appropriate data. When a DBMS is used, information systems can be changed much more easily as the organization's information requirements change. New categories of data can be added to the database without disruption to the existing system. Organizations may use one kind of DBMS for daily transaction processing and then move the detail onto another computer that uses another DBMS better suited for random inquiries and analysis. Overall systems design decisions are performed by data administrators and systems analysts. Detailed database design is performed by database administrators. Computer Software Computer Software of programs, enables a computer to perform specific tasks, as opposed to its physical components (hardware) which can only do the tasks they are mechanically designed for. The term includes application software such as word processors which perform productive tasks for users, system software such as operating systems, which interface with hardware to run the necessary services for user-interfaces and applications, and middleware which controls and co-ordinates distributed systems. Management Information System Management Information Systems (MIS) is a general name for the academic discipline covering the application of people, technologies, and procedures. Collectively called information systems, to solve business problems. MIS are distinct from regular information systems in that they are used to analyze other information systems applied in operational activities in the organization. Academically, the term is commonly used to refer to the group of information management methods tied to the automation or support of human decision making, e. g. Decision Support Systems, Expert systems, and Executive information systems. Computer Simmulation A computer simulation, a computer model or a computational model is a computer program that attempts to simulate an abstract model of a particular system. Computer simulations have become a useful part of mathematical modelling of many natural systems in physics, chemistry and biology, human systems in economics, psychology, and social science and in the process of engineering new technology, to gain insight into the operation of those systems. Traditionally, the formal modeling of systems has been via a mathematical model, which attempts to find analytical solutions to problems which enables the prediction of the behaviour of the system from a set of parameters and initial conditions. Computer simulations build on, and are a useful adjunct to purely mathematical models in science, technology and entertainment. HISTORY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY History of Information Technology is Characterized by a principal technology used to solve the input, processing, output and communication problems of the time: 1. Pre-mechanical 2. Mechanical 3. Electromechanical and 4. Electronic THE PRE-MECHANICAL AGE: 3000 B. C. – 1450 A. D. A. Writing and Alphabets–communication. 1. First humans communicated only through speaking and picture drawings. 2. 3000 B. C. the Sumerians in Mesopotamia (what is today southern Iraq) devised uniform 3. Around 2000 B. C. , Phoenicians created symbols 4. The Greeks later adopted the Phoenician alphabet and added vowels; the Romans gave the letters Latin names to create the alphabet we use today. B. Paper and Pens–input technologies. 1. Sumerians' input technology was a stylus that could scratch marks in wet clay. 2. About 2600 B . C. , the Egyptians write on the papyrus plant 3. Around 100 A. D. , the Chinese made paper from rags, on which modern-day papermaking is based. C. Books and Libraries: Permanent Storage Devices. . Religious leaders in Mesopotamia kept the earliest â€Å"books† 2. The Egyptians kept scrolls 3. Around 600 B. C. , the Greeks began to fold sheets of papyrus vertically into leaves and bind them together. D. The First Numbering Systems. 1. Egyptian system: The numbers 1-9 as vertical lines, the number 10 as a U or circle, the number 100 as a coiled rope, and the number 1,000 as a lotus blossom. 2. The first numbering systems similar to those in use today were invented between 100 and 200 A. D. by Hindus in India who created a nine-digit numbering system. 3. Around 875 A. D. the concept of zero was developed. THE MECHANICAL AGE: 1450 – 1840 A. The First Information Explosion. 1. Johann Gutenberg (Mainz, Germany), invented the movable metal-type printing process in 1450. 2. The development of book indexes and the widespread use of page numbers. B. The first general purpose â€Å"computers† 1. Actually people who held the job title â€Å"computer: one who works with numbers. † A. Slide Rules, the Pascaline and Leibniz's Machine. 1. Slide Rule. Early 1600s, William Oughtred, an English clergyman, invented the slide rule Early example of an analog computer. . The Pascaline. Invented by Blaise Pascal (1623-62). The Electromechanical Age: 1840 – 1940 The discovery of ways to harness electricity was the key advance made during this period. Knowledge and information could now be converted into electrical impulses. A. The Beginnings of Telecommunication. 1. Voltaic Battery: late 18th century. 2. Telegraph: Early 1800s. 3. Telephone and Radio: Alexander Graham Bell. 1876 4. Followed by the discovery that electrical waves travel through space and can produce an effect far from the point at which they originated. 5. These two events led to the invention of the radio: Guglielmo Marconi. 1894 B. Electromechanical Computing 1. Herman Hollerith and IBM. 2. The International Business Machines Corporation (IBM). 3. Paper tape stored data and program instructions. THE ELECTRONIC AGE: 1940 – PRESENT. A. First Tries: Early 1940’s, Electronic vacuum tubes. B. Eckert and Mauchly. 1. The First High-Speed, General-Purpose Computer Using Vacuum Tubes: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) The ENIAC team (Feb 14, 1946). Left to right: J. Presper Eckert, Jr. ; John Grist Brainerd; Sam Feltman; Herman H. Goldstine; John W. Mauchly; Harold Pender; Major General G. L. Barnes; Colonel Paul N. Gillon. 2. The First Stored-Program Computer: The Manchester University Mark I (prototype). 3. The First General-Purpose Computer for Commercial Use: Universal Automatic Computer. B. The Four Generations of Digital Computing. I. The Second Generation (1959-1963). 1. Vacuum tubes replaced by transistors as main logic element. AT's Bell Laboratories, in the 1940s Crystalline mineral materials called semiconductors could be used in the design of a device called a transistor 2. Magnetic tape and disks began to replace punched cards as external storage devices. 3. Magnetic cores (very small donut-shaped magnets that could be polarized in one of two directions to represent data) strung on wire within the computer became the primary internal storage technology. II. The Third Generation (1964-1979): Advanced programming languages like BASIC developed. III. The Fourth Generation (1979- Present). INTRODUCTION TO MEDIA †Materials that holds and transmit data in any form including Newspapers, Multimedia Presentations, Disk Drives, Optical disks, Magnetic Tape, Cable and many more. In other definition Media is defined as, â€Å"Messages that are distributed through the technologies, principally text in books, study guides and computer networks; sound in audio-tapes and broadcast: pictures in video-tapes and broadcast; text, sound and/or pictures in a teleconference are termed under Media. † There are three main types of media: Print Electronic Published FORMS & APPLICATIONS OF MEDIA Journalism Journalism is a discipline of collecting, analyzing, verifying, and presenting information regarding current events, trends, issues and people. Those who practice journalism are known as journalists. News-oriented journalism is sometimes described as the â€Å"first rough draft of history† (attributed to Phil Graham), because journalists often record important events, producing news articles on short deadlines. While under pressure to be first with their stories, news media organizations usually edit and proofread their reports prior to publication, adhering to each organization's standards of accuracy, quality and style. Many news organizations claim proud traditions of holding government officials and institutions accountable to the public, while media critics have raised questions about holding the press itself accountable. Broadcasting Broadcasting is the distribution of audio or video signals to a number of recipients (â€Å"listeners† or â€Å"viewers†) that belong to a large group. This group may be the public in general, or a relatively large audience within the public. Thus, an Internet channel may distribute text or music worldwide, while a public address system in; for example, a workplace may broadcast very limited ad hoc SoundBits to a small population within its range. The sequencing of content in a broadcast is called a schedule. Internet The Internet (also known simply as â€Å"the Net† or â€Å"the Web†) can be briefly understood as â€Å"a network of networks†. Specifically, it is the worldwide, publicly accessible network of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol (IP). It consists of millions of smaller domestic, academic, business, and governmental networks, which together carry various information and services, such as electronic mail, online chat, file transfer, and the interlinked Web pages and other documents of the World Wide Web. Advertising Advertising is paid, one-way communication through a medium in which the sponsor is identified and the message is controlled. Variations include publicity, public relations, product placement, sponsorship, underwriting, and sales promotion. Every major medium is used to deliver these messages, including: television, radio, movies, magazines, newspapers, the Internet and billboards. Advertisements can also be seen on the seats of grocery carts, on the walls of an airport walkway, on the sides of buses, heard in telephone hold messages and in-store public address systems. Advertisements are usually placed anywhere an audience can easily and/or frequently access visuals and/or audio. MEDIA PROMOTING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Just as chemical or metallurgical or electrical technologies enable the processing of raw materials into usable goods, to satisfy man's and societies' needs so does information technology help the storage, processing, transmission and exploitation of information to satisfy a person's, company's, society's or government's needs for information. The invention of printing was the first big break-through in Information Technology. It enabled literacy and education to go up from 10% to over 80% within 50 years by making available vast amount of reading material. That reading also led to the Reformation in Europe. Other break-through for Information Technology were the inventions like telegraphy, telephony, wireless or radio, television, broadcasting, computers (from room size to desk top to lap top to palm top) BROADCASTING REVOLUTION Digital audio and digital video have revolutionized broadcast engineering in many respects. Broadcast studios and control rooms are now already digital in large part, using non-linear editing and digital signal processing for what used to take a great deal of time or money, if it was even possible at all. Mixing consoles for both audio and video are continuing to become more digital in the 21st Century, as is the computer storage used to keep digital media libraries. Effects processing and TV graphics can now be done much more easily and professionally as well. Other devices used in broadcast engineering are telephone hybrids, broadcast delays, and dead air alarms. See the glossary of broadcast engineering terms for further explanations. PRINTING AS STRONGER MEDIA Within fifty or sixty years of the invention of the printing press, the entire classical canon had been reprinted and widely promulgated throughout Europe. Now that more people had access to knowledge both new and old, more people could discuss these works. Furthermore, now that book production was a more commercial enterprise, the first copyright laws were passed to protect what we now would call intellectual property rights. A second outgrowth of this popularization of knowledge was the decline of Latin as the language of most published works, to be replaced by the vernacular language of each area, increasing the variety of published works. Paradoxically, the printing word also helped to unify and standardize the spelling and syntax of these vernaculars, in effect ‘decreasing' their variability. This rise in importance of national languages as opposed to pan-European Latin is cited as one of the causes of the rise of nationalism in Europe. VIRTUAL UNIVERSITY The Virtual University is based completely on modern Information and Communication Technologies. It provides extremely affordable world class education to aspiring students all over the country. Using free-to-air satellite television broadcasts and the Internet, the Virtual University allows students to follow its rigorous programs regardless of their physical locations. It thus aims at alleviating the lack of capacity in the existing universities while simultaneously tackling the acute shortage of qualified professors in the country. By identifying the  top Professors of the country, regardless of their institutional affiliations, and requesting them to develop and deliver hand-crafted courses, the Virtual University aims at providing the very best courses to not only its own students but also to students of all universities worldwide. EFFICIENT MEDIA REPORTING As newspapers, magazines, trade publications and newsletters creep on to the Web; this swells the demand for reporters, who can keystroke simple sentences and strings of numbers. New media positions do not increase the job market for journalists. For this purpose, reporting is defined as nuts-and-bolts, no-nonsense information-gathering and packaging. Reporting wants just the facts. Journalism entails investigation, explanation and a point of view. Journalists are story-tellers, fascinated with the human experience, alert to the drama of conflict and struggle, infinitely curious about the motives and meanings behind events. Reporters use nouns and verbs as blunt utilitarian instruments. Journalists indulge in figures of speech; they use words as symbols, to evoke empathy, indignation, pity or anger. Most of what appears in Star or the National Enquirer is journalism, albeit of a very ripe kind. Most of Investor's Business Daily is reporting. ELECTRONIC NEWSPAPER In the late 1990’s newspapers began offering their content on the Internet in record numbers. By the end of the decade, more than 1,000 North American newspapers offered online versions, most available to Internet users free of charge. Electronic newspapers spared publishers one of their highest expenses—newsprint—and many brought publishers additional advertising revenue. Today Newspapers on the web offers readers the same content as its print publication as well as stories and features available only in its online version. ANALYSIS OF INFRA-STRUCTURE The government firmly believes in bringing the Pakistani media at par with the international standards and a total of 52 media development projects are being launched in the year 2007-08 with record allocation of six billion rupees, according to Federal Minister for Information and Broadcasting Muhammad Ali Durrani. Rs. 148. 039 million has been earmarked for the media development projects in NWFP, which demonstrates the government’s firm resolves to take all the federating units along in the development process. The Laram Top RBS has been established at the cost of Rs. 27. 97 million and is designed to serve around 450,000 people, while the RBS at Bajaur Agency, established with the total cost of 34. 733 million, is expected to cover 75,000 households, he said. The projects will not only carry the benefits of the modern age to distant regions of the country but will also bring affordable entertainment at the doorsteps for the common public. Islamabad Media University will be launched in the federal capital within next two months at a cost of Rs. 500 million, followed by setting up of its provincial campuses, including the Peshawar campus, in the second phase. Media University will not only offer specialized courses in media and journalism but will also initiate various research projects on media related issues. Rs. 35. 55 million will be spent to ensure full FM Radio coverage on Motorways sections M-1 which links Peshawar with Islamabad, and M-2, connecting Islamabad to Lahore. FM facility on the motorways will not only make the 500 KM-long journey from Peshawar to Lahore informative and pleasant but will also provide better opportunities to the media sector to expand itself in those gaps which are desperately needed to be filled in. Beside s this, up-linking stations will also be established in Islamabad as well as in all the provincial capitals, including Peshawar, which will cost around 49. 81 million rupees. These up-linking facilities would provide efficient and high quality information flow between the network and the subscriber. Snap-shot of Current Pakistan IT and Communication are stated below: TV sets70 million Cable Connections 35 million Daily/Periodical Papers 1500 Telephone Connections 65 million Mobile Connections 95 million Internet Connections 1 million References Internews Asia Pacific; www. internews. org/regions/asia/default. shtm The Media Handbook; by Hellen E Katz, 2003 Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority; www. pemra. gov. pk Pakistan Telecommunication Authority; www. pta. gov. pk Statistics Bureau of Pakistan; www. statpak. gov. pk Media Technology and everyday life in Europe; Roger Silverstone, 2005. World Bank; www. worldbank. org Wikipedia Encyclopedia; www. wikipedia. com University of Alabama, Dept. of Telecom and Film; http://www. tcf. ua. edu/AZ/ITHistoryOutline. htm. University of Arhus, Dept. of Computer Science; denmarkhttp://www. cs. aau. dk/SJIS/journal/volumes/volume12/articles/01-intro_p3-14. pdf.

Interview Skills

INTERVIEW SKILLS Interviewing: The job interview can be a pleasant and rewarding experience. It gives you and the employer a chance to discuss your qualifications and determine if a match can be made. Interviews vary in style length and can have a number of different interviewers depending upon the organization, so try to prepare for anything. Interview Styles: Directed This consists of a list of specific questions, which are in a certain order every time. Sometimes a checklist will be used to record your answers. Non-directedThis style consists of broad open-ended questions designed to get you to talk about yourself. It is more conversational in tone than the directed interview. Stress This is an interview designed to see how well you handle stress. Stress interviews are normally used in interviewing for top level positions. However, most interviews do not follow a specific style, but interviews may use their own combination of types instead. Regardless of the style or styles used, an interviewer is basically interested in two things: †¢ WHY ARE YOU INTERESTED IN THE COMPANY? WHAT CAN YOU OFFER THE COMPANY? Stages of the Interview An interview usually consists of four stages: BREAKING THE ICE This is to help both you and the interviewer â€Å"tune in† to the interview situation. It usually consists of small talk about the weather, your trip to the interview and so on. The content and the duration of this stage is controlled by the interviewer. SHARING OF GENERAL INFORMATION The interviewer will begin to tell you something about the company and the position that is open. You, in turn, can begin to tell the interviewer how your skills will relate to the position.You should be concise, using specific examples when ever possible. AMPLIFICATION AND SHARPENING OF FOCUS At this point in the interview, you will be offering a lot of information about yourself. You will be questioned about your work-related values, goals and aspirations. Your qualifications will be explored in detail. The interviewer will be trying to find a fit between you and the position. TRYING IT OGETHER This is the conclusion of the interview. You should clarify the information you have about the next contact. Find out if the interviewer will call you and how soon can be expected.If you are interested in the job, this is a good time to let the interviewer know. Planning for the Interview: SELF-ASSESSMENT Identify who you are, where you want to go, and how you plan to get there. Analyze your: †¢ Strengths †¢ Weaknesses †¢ Academic Performance †¢ Career Interests †¢ Personal Goals †¢ Work Experiences †¢ Special Skills Upon completion of this self-assessment you should be confident in your ability to ace the interview. RESEARCH YOUR PROSPECTIVE EMPLOYER Candidates who demonstrate knowledge of their organization and their community impress employers.You should acquire some knowledge concerning the size of the organization, criteria for evaluation of personnel, orientation and development programs, geographical location, and industrial and recreational profile of the community, and products produced. Research of this nature is easily accomplished through use of the Chamber of Commerce located in the geographical area of your choice and variety of other sources. Research often raises questions of importance that you can have answered at the interview. Remember, you are seeking a career, not just a job. THE INTERVIEW 1. Be punctual. Always allow ample time to get ready for your interview. The interview is on a schedule too and you may miss the opportunity you have anticipated for a long time). 2. Dress conservatively and professional. Men should wear a tie and suit. Women should apply cosmetics in keeping with good taste. Avoid â€Å"over doing it†. Careful grooming of hair, fingernails, shoes and clothes is very important of the both sexes. 3. Expect to be nervous at the outset. Nervousness is a natural f unction of your system, which helps you perform at your very best. The time to worry is when you do not become nervous. 4. Introduce yourself with a strong, confident handshake and look the interviewer directly in the eye.A strong first impression will set a positive tone for the interview. 5. Tune in with the interviewer and follow the pattern he or she sets. Be alert, maintain good posture, and relax as much as possible and listen. 6. Talk in a normal tone of voice and maintain frequent eye contact. 7. When responding to a question, pause and think about what you are about to say. Say something other than just â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no†. Intelligent, well thought-out answer put pluses beside your name. 8. Look for the sign of restlessness in the interviewer and for signs that he or she is about to terminate the interview. (Always leave termination up to the interviewer).When asked â€Å"Do you have any further questions? † respond as you needs demand. 9. Exit fro m the interview after expressing a sincere interest in the position. The employer will never know the extent of your interest unless you express it. If you want the job, ask for it. 10. Record results as you viewed them, both objectively and subjectively. Be certain that you know what the next step is – they will contact you, you must contact them, etc. FOLLOWING THE INTERVIEW Provide the credentials, references, or transcripts as requested by the interviewers as soon as possible. Follow-up with a short, typed letter of appreciation for the interview.This does not include the campaign unless you have been offered a position at this point. Now you need persistence in follow-up. Questions most often asked by the Interviewers: Study the following questions and be prepared to answer them in a positive and concise manner. This is not a comprehensive list, so be prepared for other questions too. 1. Why do you want to work here? 2. What kind of experience do you have for this job? 3 . What would you like to be doing five years from now? 4. What are your biggest accomplishments? 5. What is your greatest strength? What is your greatest personal asset?Your greatest weakness? 6. What interests you most about this job? 7. Why should I hire you? 8. Describe a difficult problem you’ve had deal with? 9. What would you references say? 10. What was the last book you read (or movie you saw)? 11. What salary do you expect? Answer: â€Å"Competitive† or â€Å"Appropriate to my experience and potential†) 12. How do you handle tension? 13. Describe a situation where your work or an idea was criticized. 14. Tell me about yourself. 15. What is the most difficult situation you have faced? 16. What have you done that shows initiative? 17. Do you prefer working with others or alone? 18.Explain your role as a group/team member? 19. What do you know about our company? 20. What are your future career plans? 21. What courses did you like best? Least? Why? 22. Why did you choose your particular field of work? 23. Have you held any leadership positions? 24. Have you plans for future education? 25. How do you think a friend or professor who knows you well would describe you? 26. Why do you want this job? 27. How has your college experience prepared you for your chosen career? The Importance of Asking Questions: Questioning the employer with logical, well thought-out questions tends to indicate a high degree of interest.Interest on your part tends to evoke interest from others. Questions also imply that you are sincere in the job hunting process and all employees’ desire sincerity. Conversely, questions, which are not logical, not well defined and /or asked just for the sake of asking leaves the recruiter with an impression of falseness. Therefore, prepare for the interview: read the organizational literature: talk to others who may be more aware of the particular organizational in which you are interested: and if need be prepare a list o f logical, well defined questions to ask the interviewer.Questions you may ask: (Questions are pertinent only if the answer helps you) 1. What might be typical first impression? 2. Why do you think this job might be the right spot for me? 3. How is your performance appraisal system structures and how often will I be evaluated? 4. Why did you join the company? How long have you been here? What is about the company that keeps you here? 5. To whom do I report? 6. What are realistic chances for growth in the job? 7. Please describe a typical day on-the-job? 8. Describe your deal candidate for this position? 9.What are the basic responsibilities of this position, and how much time will be spent on each? 10. With whom will I be working? 11. What are the major problems faced by this area of the company? 12. How much travel, and of what duration, is expected? 13. How much pressure might I encounter? 14. What style of management prevails in this area or in the company? 15. What’s the next step in the selection process? 16. Where is the organization going? 17. In the last five years, how many persons have held this position? 18. May I have the copy of the job description? (Ask for this when you set-up the interview).The questions you have just read are examples of questions to use in an interview. It will be to your advantage to develop questions of your own and to work them in your own style. KNOCKOUT FACTORS These are reasons why candidates receive rejection replies and are listed in order of frequency mention by recruiters. 1. Negative personality or poor impression: More specifically, lack of motivation, ambition, maturity, aggressiveness or enthusiasm. 2. Inability to communicate – Poor communication skills 3. Lack of competence – Inadequate preparation 4. Unidentified goals 5. Unrealistic expectation 6.Lack of interest in the type of work. 7. Unwillingness to travel or to relocate 8. Poor preparation for the interview 9. Lack of work experienc e 10. Bad references 11. Poor appearance WHY PEOPLE ARE HIRED: 1. Positive attitude 2. Good presentation of skills needed by employer for the position. 3. Professional in all contacts. 4. Good rapport with interviewer, including letter, phone call, and face to face contact 5. Past experience that supports qualifications for the opening 6. Provides knowledgeable questions and statements about company and job opening, thus providing commitment to research. . Professional appearance, including appropriate dress, neat and clean personal grooming, and friendly attitude. INFORMAL INTERVIEW: This type of interview is very helpful in exploring different careers and networking in your chosen field. It is an integral part of the job search process and all interview skills previously mentioned also apply to this type of interview. The biggest difference between information and job interviews is that in an information interview there is little or no pressure to obtain a job offer, so you can re lax, be yourself and gather as much information as possible.We strongly recommend that you conduct several information interviews, as you will learn more about the field, make valuable contacts, gain interview experience and possibly uncover unadvertised job openings. INFORMATION INTERVIEWS: 5 Steps to Set-Up 1. Identify the career fields, industries, and organizations that you want to investigate further. Try to target areas that seem to match up most closely with your skills, interests, values and personality style. 2. Ask people you know (relatives, acquaintances, friends, colleagues, past employers) if they can introduce you to someone who works there. 3.Use the Encyclopedia of Associations to identify professional groups in your target areas. If there is a local chapter, plan to attend one of it’s monthly meetings to make new contacts. Also, ask if there is a membership directorship. You can use this list to target people who are appropriate contacts for informational in terviews. 4. Once you have identified the people you want to meet, you can contact them by letter or telephone to schedule a convenient time to talk. During your initial contact, you must briefly tell them who you are, explain why you are contacting them, and ask for a short meeting.If they decline, ask if there is anyone else they can recommend that you call or write. If the answer is still â€Å"no†, ask if they have any other ideas about how you might go about meeting people in their field. 5. Before the interview, plan a trip to the library. Read trade journals, annual reports, and other printed materials to glean as much information as possible in advance. Then you will be able to present yourself as a knowledgeable interviewee. INFORMATION INTERVIEW QUESTIONS: Here are some sample questions to get you started. This list is not comprehensive, so please feel free to make up your own: 1.What is a typical day like? What do you actually do? What do you actually do? 2. What d o the really successful people do better than the others? 3. What are the opportunities for advancement within this field or company? 4. How did you get into this field? 5. What do you specially enjoy about your work? 6. What are the frustrations? 7. What degrees or training are necessary for this kind of work? 8. Are there professional trade journals I should read? Which ones? 9. Where, in your opinion, is the best place to look for a job in this field? 10. Is government funding any part of this field? 1. Is there a deficit personal in any part of this field? 12. What are the starting salaries at entry level in this field? 13. What professional organizations do you belong to? Should I join them now? 14. Are you doing what you thought you’d be going when you started? 15. What are some of the difficulties, problems areas, and snarls of this position? 16. How mobile and flexible can you are in this occupation? Location? Hours? 17. How secure is your job? Others in this field? 1 8. If you were starting out again, what would you differently? 19. What is the future potential for growth?What areas do you feel promise the most growth? 20. Do you think there is a need for the kind of services (or product) I can offer? 21. Is working for this organization, or one like it, a good way to get into the field? 22. Is there any personal advice you would give a person entering this field? 23. What are some of the most important factors that contributed to your success? 24. What skills are most important for your kind of work 25. Can you give me the names of other people who might provide mw with additional information? May I use your name? DRESSING FOR INTERVIEW SUCCESS:The instant we set eyes on someone, our minds make evaluations and adjustments at lightening speed. The same is true for potential employers who must assess us so. If you follow the adage â€Å" what you sees is what you get†, you need to look the part or don’t to look the part or donâ€⠄¢t expect an offer. To help you pull together your winning look, review the following guidelines: MEN Suit: Colors †¢ Navy thru Teal Blue †¢ Charcoal thru Light gray †¢ Brown †¢ Beige †¢ Solid colors and pinstripes are acceptable Note: The darker the suit the more authorities it carries. (Caution: never wear back unless applying for an undertaker’s job. Shirt: †¢ Always wear a long-sleeves shirt †¢ Always wear a white or pale blue shirt. Shirts with very thin red or blue pinstripe are acceptable, but not the best. A solid white shirt conveys honesty, intelligence and stability: this should be your 1st choice. †¢ Fabric: Cotton – looks better and absorbs perspiration better. †¢ Iron and starch your shirt. For the best look have it professionally pressed. Neckwear: †¢ Tie: should compliment your suit – not match it. †¢ Fabric: pure silk – makes most powerful impact best choice. Linen: too formal, wrink les too easily, can only be worn in warmer weather.Wool: casual in appearance and has knot problems. †¢ Size: General rule of thumb : the width of your tie should approximate the width of your lapels (anywhere form 2 ? † to 3 ? †). †¢ Length: tie should extend to your trouser belt. †¢ Styles: Best choices : solids, foulards, stripes and paisleys, do not wear: large polka dots, pictures of animals sporting symbols or manufacturers symbols, or a bow tie or matching tie and pocket square. Shoes: †¢ Colors: black or brown leather †¢ Style: lace-up wing tips, slip on (not boat shoes). Socks: †¢ Blue, black, gray or brown – should compliment your suit. Length: tall enough for you to cross your legs and not show skin. †¢ Make sure they don’t fall down and bunch up around your ankle (elastic reinforced over-the-calf socks are best). Accessories: †¢ The Guiding Principle: Do not wear anything that could be conceivably misconst rued or leave a bad impression. Never wear any religious or political insignia in the form of rings, ties or pins. †¢ Watch: simple and plain is your best bet. †¢ Briefcase: make strong professional statement/ leather – best – colors: brown or burgundy /design: plain lines – no decoration needed. Belt: should match or compliment your shoes / plain leather with a small buckle. †¢ Jewelry: wedding band if applicable – any thing more is dangerous. †¢ Overcoats: blue or beige is your best bets – avoid wearing one if you can, as it’s another thing to carry and lug around. Both: †¢ Keep hair neat and trim and in a conservative style. †¢ Do not wear after shave or perfume, you are interviewing for a job not a date. †¢ Clean your hands and nails. If polished, make sure there are no chips. †¢ Make sure you have fresh breath. WOMEN Suit: Colors: †¢ Charcoal †¢ Medium Gray †¢ Steel Gray †¢ Bla ck Navy Blue †¢ Solids, pinstripe and plaids are acceptable †¢ Fabric: 100% wool is your best choice. Linen is acceptable: however it wrinkles like crazy. †¢ Skirt Length: Don’t wear anything that soars to the upper thigh if you want to be taken seriously, as an applicant. Safe Bet-Skirt should fall just below the knee. Blouse: †¢ Wear long sleeves: they project the authoritative professional look you desire. †¢ Never wear a sleeveless blouse. †¢ Colors: solid colors are best white, gray, pink or pale blue. †¢ Fabrics: cotton or silk †¢ Style: front tie bow, asymmetrical and button down are all good.Scarves: †¢ They say something dramatic about you make sure it is positive. †¢ Fabric: pure silk is best as it offers a conservative look, a good finish and tie well. †¢ Colors/ Styles: solids, foulards, small polka dots, paisleys Shoes: †¢ Colors – brown, navy, red, black, or burgundy leather (stay away from faddi sh or multi-colors) †¢ Heel Height: flats to 1 ? heels are okay. Avoid â€Å"high† heels as you will look and feel wobbly. †¢ Styles: the classic pump, closed heel with a slightly open toe and sling black with closed toe are all acceptable. †¢ Stockings †¢ Color: neutral skin tones. Since they are prone to run at the worst possible moment, keep on extra pair in your purse or briefcase. Accessories: †¢ Briefcase: a symbol of authority – use one (but do not bring your purse too – too much o juggle) / brown, burgundy, blue or black leather. †¢ Belts – should match or compliment shoes. It is a functional item, if it is instantly noticeable it is wrong. Jewelry: †¢ Main premise: less is more. †¢ Restrict rings to wedding and engagement if applicable. †¢ Necklace and earrings are okay if subdued and professional looking. Make-up: †¢ Take care to never appear overly made-up. Natural is the key word. †¢ Eye m ake-up should be subtle so as not to overwhelm the rest of your face. †¢ Lipstick – apply sparingly and carefully. Use a subdued color. Body Language: Action speaks louder than words and this holds very true in an interview situation. The impression you make in the first few minutes of the interview will be the most lasting, so you need to be conscious of both your words and you body language. Here are few tips to help make sure you are sending the right signals. 1. The Handshake – should be professional and polite – a firm grip and warm smile. practice this if you need to). 2. Personal Zone – never encroach on another person’s space – maintain the 30-inch standard. 3. Seating – wait till the interviewer offers you a seat. Sit straight and lean forward a little shows interest. 4. Eyes – look at the interviews (don’t stare) it shows interest in the person and the position. M=Never look down. 5. Head – slow nod ding indicates interest and validation of interviewer’s comments. 6. Mouth – offer an unforced, confident smile as often as the circumstances allow. 7. Glasses – don’t wear sunglasses – gives impression of secretive, cold and devious. . Arms – do not fold or â€Å"protect† chest with hands, clipboard, etc. This sends negative messages (i. e: I’m nervous and closed for business). 9. Hands – watch out for fidgeting with themselves or other objects. 10. Legs – crossed legs send mixed signals – it is safer to keep your legs together with your feet on the floor. 11. Feet – beware of compulsive tapping and avoid dangling your shoe from your toes. 12. Walking – keep shoulder back, maintain an erect posture, smile and make eye contact when appropriate. Some last Reminders: Don’t forget to bring: Several copies of your resume †¢ Pad of paper †¢ Pen †¢ Reference list †¢ Letter of Recommendation †¢ Directions to interview and telephone number’s †¢ Your job-related questions to ask †¢ Any information on the company Faux Pas’: Things to be sure not to do during the interview: †¢ Use first name (unless asked) †¢ Smoke (even if invited) †¢ Sit down (until invited) †¢ Show anxiety and boredom †¢ Look at you watch †¢ Discuss equal rights, race, sex, national origin, religion or age †¢ Show samples of your work (unless requested) †¢ Ask about salary, benefits and vacation. Interview Skills INTERVIEW SKILLS Interviewing: The job interview can be a pleasant and rewarding experience. It gives you and the employer a chance to discuss your qualifications and determine if a match can be made. Interviews vary in style length and can have a number of different interviewers depending upon the organization, so try to prepare for anything. Interview Styles: Directed This consists of a list of specific questions, which are in a certain order every time. Sometimes a checklist will be used to record your answers. Non-directedThis style consists of broad open-ended questions designed to get you to talk about yourself. It is more conversational in tone than the directed interview. Stress This is an interview designed to see how well you handle stress. Stress interviews are normally used in interviewing for top level positions. However, most interviews do not follow a specific style, but interviews may use their own combination of types instead. Regardless of the style or styles used, an interviewer is basically interested in two things: †¢ WHY ARE YOU INTERESTED IN THE COMPANY? WHAT CAN YOU OFFER THE COMPANY? Stages of the Interview An interview usually consists of four stages: BREAKING THE ICE This is to help both you and the interviewer â€Å"tune in† to the interview situation. It usually consists of small talk about the weather, your trip to the interview and so on. The content and the duration of this stage is controlled by the interviewer. SHARING OF GENERAL INFORMATION The interviewer will begin to tell you something about the company and the position that is open. You, in turn, can begin to tell the interviewer how your skills will relate to the position.You should be concise, using specific examples when ever possible. AMPLIFICATION AND SHARPENING OF FOCUS At this point in the interview, you will be offering a lot of information about yourself. You will be questioned about your work-related values, goals and aspirations. Your qualifications will be explored in detail. The interviewer will be trying to find a fit between you and the position. TRYING IT OGETHER This is the conclusion of the interview. You should clarify the information you have about the next contact. Find out if the interviewer will call you and how soon can be expected.If you are interested in the job, this is a good time to let the interviewer know. Planning for the Interview: SELF-ASSESSMENT Identify who you are, where you want to go, and how you plan to get there. Analyze your: †¢ Strengths †¢ Weaknesses †¢ Academic Performance †¢ Career Interests †¢ Personal Goals †¢ Work Experiences †¢ Special Skills Upon completion of this self-assessment you should be confident in your ability to ace the interview. RESEARCH YOUR PROSPECTIVE EMPLOYER Candidates who demonstrate knowledge of their organization and their community impress employers.You should acquire some knowledge concerning the size of the organization, criteria for evaluation of personnel, orientation and development programs, geographical location, and industrial and recreational profile of the community, and products produced. Research of this nature is easily accomplished through use of the Chamber of Commerce located in the geographical area of your choice and variety of other sources. Research often raises questions of importance that you can have answered at the interview. Remember, you are seeking a career, not just a job. THE INTERVIEW 1. Be punctual. Always allow ample time to get ready for your interview. The interview is on a schedule too and you may miss the opportunity you have anticipated for a long time). 2. Dress conservatively and professional. Men should wear a tie and suit. Women should apply cosmetics in keeping with good taste. Avoid â€Å"over doing it†. Careful grooming of hair, fingernails, shoes and clothes is very important of the both sexes. 3. Expect to be nervous at the outset. Nervousness is a natural f unction of your system, which helps you perform at your very best. The time to worry is when you do not become nervous. 4. Introduce yourself with a strong, confident handshake and look the interviewer directly in the eye.A strong first impression will set a positive tone for the interview. 5. Tune in with the interviewer and follow the pattern he or she sets. Be alert, maintain good posture, and relax as much as possible and listen. 6. Talk in a normal tone of voice and maintain frequent eye contact. 7. When responding to a question, pause and think about what you are about to say. Say something other than just â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no†. Intelligent, well thought-out answer put pluses beside your name. 8. Look for the sign of restlessness in the interviewer and for signs that he or she is about to terminate the interview. (Always leave termination up to the interviewer).When asked â€Å"Do you have any further questions? † respond as you needs demand. 9. Exit fro m the interview after expressing a sincere interest in the position. The employer will never know the extent of your interest unless you express it. If you want the job, ask for it. 10. Record results as you viewed them, both objectively and subjectively. Be certain that you know what the next step is – they will contact you, you must contact them, etc. FOLLOWING THE INTERVIEW Provide the credentials, references, or transcripts as requested by the interviewers as soon as possible. Follow-up with a short, typed letter of appreciation for the interview.This does not include the campaign unless you have been offered a position at this point. Now you need persistence in follow-up. Questions most often asked by the Interviewers: Study the following questions and be prepared to answer them in a positive and concise manner. This is not a comprehensive list, so be prepared for other questions too. 1. Why do you want to work here? 2. What kind of experience do you have for this job? 3 . What would you like to be doing five years from now? 4. What are your biggest accomplishments? 5. What is your greatest strength? What is your greatest personal asset?Your greatest weakness? 6. What interests you most about this job? 7. Why should I hire you? 8. Describe a difficult problem you’ve had deal with? 9. What would you references say? 10. What was the last book you read (or movie you saw)? 11. What salary do you expect? Answer: â€Å"Competitive† or â€Å"Appropriate to my experience and potential†) 12. How do you handle tension? 13. Describe a situation where your work or an idea was criticized. 14. Tell me about yourself. 15. What is the most difficult situation you have faced? 16. What have you done that shows initiative? 17. Do you prefer working with others or alone? 18.Explain your role as a group/team member? 19. What do you know about our company? 20. What are your future career plans? 21. What courses did you like best? Least? Why? 22. Why did you choose your particular field of work? 23. Have you held any leadership positions? 24. Have you plans for future education? 25. How do you think a friend or professor who knows you well would describe you? 26. Why do you want this job? 27. How has your college experience prepared you for your chosen career? The Importance of Asking Questions: Questioning the employer with logical, well thought-out questions tends to indicate a high degree of interest.Interest on your part tends to evoke interest from others. Questions also imply that you are sincere in the job hunting process and all employees’ desire sincerity. Conversely, questions, which are not logical, not well defined and /or asked just for the sake of asking leaves the recruiter with an impression of falseness. Therefore, prepare for the interview: read the organizational literature: talk to others who may be more aware of the particular organizational in which you are interested: and if need be prepare a list o f logical, well defined questions to ask the interviewer.Questions you may ask: (Questions are pertinent only if the answer helps you) 1. What might be typical first impression? 2. Why do you think this job might be the right spot for me? 3. How is your performance appraisal system structures and how often will I be evaluated? 4. Why did you join the company? How long have you been here? What is about the company that keeps you here? 5. To whom do I report? 6. What are realistic chances for growth in the job? 7. Please describe a typical day on-the-job? 8. Describe your deal candidate for this position? 9.What are the basic responsibilities of this position, and how much time will be spent on each? 10. With whom will I be working? 11. What are the major problems faced by this area of the company? 12. How much travel, and of what duration, is expected? 13. How much pressure might I encounter? 14. What style of management prevails in this area or in the company? 15. What’s the next step in the selection process? 16. Where is the organization going? 17. In the last five years, how many persons have held this position? 18. May I have the copy of the job description? (Ask for this when you set-up the interview).The questions you have just read are examples of questions to use in an interview. It will be to your advantage to develop questions of your own and to work them in your own style. KNOCKOUT FACTORS These are reasons why candidates receive rejection replies and are listed in order of frequency mention by recruiters. 1. Negative personality or poor impression: More specifically, lack of motivation, ambition, maturity, aggressiveness or enthusiasm. 2. Inability to communicate – Poor communication skills 3. Lack of competence – Inadequate preparation 4. Unidentified goals 5. Unrealistic expectation 6.Lack of interest in the type of work. 7. Unwillingness to travel or to relocate 8. Poor preparation for the interview 9. Lack of work experienc e 10. Bad references 11. Poor appearance WHY PEOPLE ARE HIRED: 1. Positive attitude 2. Good presentation of skills needed by employer for the position. 3. Professional in all contacts. 4. Good rapport with interviewer, including letter, phone call, and face to face contact 5. Past experience that supports qualifications for the opening 6. Provides knowledgeable questions and statements about company and job opening, thus providing commitment to research. . Professional appearance, including appropriate dress, neat and clean personal grooming, and friendly attitude. INFORMAL INTERVIEW: This type of interview is very helpful in exploring different careers and networking in your chosen field. It is an integral part of the job search process and all interview skills previously mentioned also apply to this type of interview. The biggest difference between information and job interviews is that in an information interview there is little or no pressure to obtain a job offer, so you can re lax, be yourself and gather as much information as possible.We strongly recommend that you conduct several information interviews, as you will learn more about the field, make valuable contacts, gain interview experience and possibly uncover unadvertised job openings. INFORMATION INTERVIEWS: 5 Steps to Set-Up 1. Identify the career fields, industries, and organizations that you want to investigate further. Try to target areas that seem to match up most closely with your skills, interests, values and personality style. 2. Ask people you know (relatives, acquaintances, friends, colleagues, past employers) if they can introduce you to someone who works there. 3.Use the Encyclopedia of Associations to identify professional groups in your target areas. If there is a local chapter, plan to attend one of it’s monthly meetings to make new contacts. Also, ask if there is a membership directorship. You can use this list to target people who are appropriate contacts for informational in terviews. 4. Once you have identified the people you want to meet, you can contact them by letter or telephone to schedule a convenient time to talk. During your initial contact, you must briefly tell them who you are, explain why you are contacting them, and ask for a short meeting.If they decline, ask if there is anyone else they can recommend that you call or write. If the answer is still â€Å"no†, ask if they have any other ideas about how you might go about meeting people in their field. 5. Before the interview, plan a trip to the library. Read trade journals, annual reports, and other printed materials to glean as much information as possible in advance. Then you will be able to present yourself as a knowledgeable interviewee. INFORMATION INTERVIEW QUESTIONS: Here are some sample questions to get you started. This list is not comprehensive, so please feel free to make up your own: 1.What is a typical day like? What do you actually do? What do you actually do? 2. What d o the really successful people do better than the others? 3. What are the opportunities for advancement within this field or company? 4. How did you get into this field? 5. What do you specially enjoy about your work? 6. What are the frustrations? 7. What degrees or training are necessary for this kind of work? 8. Are there professional trade journals I should read? Which ones? 9. Where, in your opinion, is the best place to look for a job in this field? 10. Is government funding any part of this field? 1. Is there a deficit personal in any part of this field? 12. What are the starting salaries at entry level in this field? 13. What professional organizations do you belong to? Should I join them now? 14. Are you doing what you thought you’d be going when you started? 15. What are some of the difficulties, problems areas, and snarls of this position? 16. How mobile and flexible can you are in this occupation? Location? Hours? 17. How secure is your job? Others in this field? 1 8. If you were starting out again, what would you differently? 19. What is the future potential for growth?What areas do you feel promise the most growth? 20. Do you think there is a need for the kind of services (or product) I can offer? 21. Is working for this organization, or one like it, a good way to get into the field? 22. Is there any personal advice you would give a person entering this field? 23. What are some of the most important factors that contributed to your success? 24. What skills are most important for your kind of work 25. Can you give me the names of other people who might provide mw with additional information? May I use your name? DRESSING FOR INTERVIEW SUCCESS:The instant we set eyes on someone, our minds make evaluations and adjustments at lightening speed. The same is true for potential employers who must assess us so. If you follow the adage â€Å" what you sees is what you get†, you need to look the part or don’t to look the part or donâ€⠄¢t expect an offer. To help you pull together your winning look, review the following guidelines: MEN Suit: Colors †¢ Navy thru Teal Blue †¢ Charcoal thru Light gray †¢ Brown †¢ Beige †¢ Solid colors and pinstripes are acceptable Note: The darker the suit the more authorities it carries. (Caution: never wear back unless applying for an undertaker’s job. Shirt: †¢ Always wear a long-sleeves shirt †¢ Always wear a white or pale blue shirt. Shirts with very thin red or blue pinstripe are acceptable, but not the best. A solid white shirt conveys honesty, intelligence and stability: this should be your 1st choice. †¢ Fabric: Cotton – looks better and absorbs perspiration better. †¢ Iron and starch your shirt. For the best look have it professionally pressed. Neckwear: †¢ Tie: should compliment your suit – not match it. †¢ Fabric: pure silk – makes most powerful impact best choice. Linen: too formal, wrink les too easily, can only be worn in warmer weather.Wool: casual in appearance and has knot problems. †¢ Size: General rule of thumb : the width of your tie should approximate the width of your lapels (anywhere form 2 ? † to 3 ? †). †¢ Length: tie should extend to your trouser belt. †¢ Styles: Best choices : solids, foulards, stripes and paisleys, do not wear: large polka dots, pictures of animals sporting symbols or manufacturers symbols, or a bow tie or matching tie and pocket square. Shoes: †¢ Colors: black or brown leather †¢ Style: lace-up wing tips, slip on (not boat shoes). Socks: †¢ Blue, black, gray or brown – should compliment your suit. Length: tall enough for you to cross your legs and not show skin. †¢ Make sure they don’t fall down and bunch up around your ankle (elastic reinforced over-the-calf socks are best). Accessories: †¢ The Guiding Principle: Do not wear anything that could be conceivably misconst rued or leave a bad impression. Never wear any religious or political insignia in the form of rings, ties or pins. †¢ Watch: simple and plain is your best bet. †¢ Briefcase: make strong professional statement/ leather – best – colors: brown or burgundy /design: plain lines – no decoration needed. Belt: should match or compliment your shoes / plain leather with a small buckle. †¢ Jewelry: wedding band if applicable – any thing more is dangerous. †¢ Overcoats: blue or beige is your best bets – avoid wearing one if you can, as it’s another thing to carry and lug around. Both: †¢ Keep hair neat and trim and in a conservative style. †¢ Do not wear after shave or perfume, you are interviewing for a job not a date. †¢ Clean your hands and nails. If polished, make sure there are no chips. †¢ Make sure you have fresh breath. WOMEN Suit: Colors: †¢ Charcoal †¢ Medium Gray †¢ Steel Gray †¢ Bla ck Navy Blue †¢ Solids, pinstripe and plaids are acceptable †¢ Fabric: 100% wool is your best choice. Linen is acceptable: however it wrinkles like crazy. †¢ Skirt Length: Don’t wear anything that soars to the upper thigh if you want to be taken seriously, as an applicant. Safe Bet-Skirt should fall just below the knee. Blouse: †¢ Wear long sleeves: they project the authoritative professional look you desire. †¢ Never wear a sleeveless blouse. †¢ Colors: solid colors are best white, gray, pink or pale blue. †¢ Fabrics: cotton or silk †¢ Style: front tie bow, asymmetrical and button down are all good.Scarves: †¢ They say something dramatic about you make sure it is positive. †¢ Fabric: pure silk is best as it offers a conservative look, a good finish and tie well. †¢ Colors/ Styles: solids, foulards, small polka dots, paisleys Shoes: †¢ Colors – brown, navy, red, black, or burgundy leather (stay away from faddi sh or multi-colors) †¢ Heel Height: flats to 1 ? heels are okay. Avoid â€Å"high† heels as you will look and feel wobbly. †¢ Styles: the classic pump, closed heel with a slightly open toe and sling black with closed toe are all acceptable. †¢ Stockings †¢ Color: neutral skin tones. Since they are prone to run at the worst possible moment, keep on extra pair in your purse or briefcase. Accessories: †¢ Briefcase: a symbol of authority – use one (but do not bring your purse too – too much o juggle) / brown, burgundy, blue or black leather. †¢ Belts – should match or compliment shoes. It is a functional item, if it is instantly noticeable it is wrong. Jewelry: †¢ Main premise: less is more. †¢ Restrict rings to wedding and engagement if applicable. †¢ Necklace and earrings are okay if subdued and professional looking. Make-up: †¢ Take care to never appear overly made-up. Natural is the key word. †¢ Eye m ake-up should be subtle so as not to overwhelm the rest of your face. †¢ Lipstick – apply sparingly and carefully. Use a subdued color. Body Language: Action speaks louder than words and this holds very true in an interview situation. The impression you make in the first few minutes of the interview will be the most lasting, so you need to be conscious of both your words and you body language. Here are few tips to help make sure you are sending the right signals. 1. The Handshake – should be professional and polite – a firm grip and warm smile. practice this if you need to). 2. Personal Zone – never encroach on another person’s space – maintain the 30-inch standard. 3. Seating – wait till the interviewer offers you a seat. Sit straight and lean forward a little shows interest. 4. Eyes – look at the interviews (don’t stare) it shows interest in the person and the position. M=Never look down. 5. Head – slow nod ding indicates interest and validation of interviewer’s comments. 6. Mouth – offer an unforced, confident smile as often as the circumstances allow. 7. Glasses – don’t wear sunglasses – gives impression of secretive, cold and devious. . Arms – do not fold or â€Å"protect† chest with hands, clipboard, etc. This sends negative messages (i. e: I’m nervous and closed for business). 9. Hands – watch out for fidgeting with themselves or other objects. 10. Legs – crossed legs send mixed signals – it is safer to keep your legs together with your feet on the floor. 11. Feet – beware of compulsive tapping and avoid dangling your shoe from your toes. 12. Walking – keep shoulder back, maintain an erect posture, smile and make eye contact when appropriate. Some last Reminders: Don’t forget to bring: Several copies of your resume †¢ Pad of paper †¢ Pen †¢ Reference list †¢ Letter of Recommendation †¢ Directions to interview and telephone number’s †¢ Your job-related questions to ask †¢ Any information on the company Faux Pas’: Things to be sure not to do during the interview: †¢ Use first name (unless asked) †¢ Smoke (even if invited) †¢ Sit down (until invited) †¢ Show anxiety and boredom †¢ Look at you watch †¢ Discuss equal rights, race, sex, national origin, religion or age †¢ Show samples of your work (unless requested) †¢ Ask about salary, benefits and vacation.