Human Resource In Disneyland Essay

What extent do you feel it is useful to distinguish between different â€Å"levels of analysis† (i.e. global, regional, national and organizational) in understanding IHRM? Provide examples as appropriate. With the ever-increasing economic activities and inter-connections with other countries, the international integration is obvious. (Coase, 1937)IHRM is now confronted with different issues toward the cross-cultural configuration which the political, economic, social and legal systems among different countries are involved.(Mendenhall, M, 2000) Different levels of analysis can provide a framework for analyze and evaluate the IHRM practice, resource allocation or leadership style in making response to the internationalization process. For the global level analysis, it is based on the geocentric approach which is perceived as a worldwide stance which the best policies and the most qualified individuals to staff the operations.(Dowling and Schuler, 1990) Because of the increased complexity and operation scope with global operations, good understanding can benefit the multinational organizations in finding the most appropriate employees for the job. Nevertheless,lack of knowledge transfer and information flowmay be incurred from the complex global setting. Market information, cultural-dimensions and demographic issues are hard to obtain, especially in predicting the data from universal trend.(Sparrow, 2009) For example, Disneyland isdifficult to assess the flow of customers as leisure industry is of great seasonal variation. (The Walt Disney Company, 2010) Regional level analysis is based on the regiocentric approach on a particular geographic region. IHRM mangers can have the right and independence on making decisions as well as developing regional staffs. (Dowling and Schuler, 1990) For instance, HSBC is likely to develop the regioncentric approach to recruit personnel within a specific region like Europe, Asia, and India. (HSBC, 2010) National level analysis is based on the polycentric approach which the subsidiaries are treated as different national entity which is involved with some degree of autonomy. (Dowling and Schuler, 1990)According to Hofstede’s research, different cultural distance may be incurred from the operation in host countries. (Hofstede, 2001) This socio-cultural barrier is likely to fail the business. A polycentric approach is closely related to local responsiveness which brings advantages to the coordination between subsidiaries and increases cost efficiency.For  example, the world’s largest furniture retailerIKEA adopts the polycentric approach in Chinawhich is managed by host-country national. Employing local Chinese as managers to avoid inter-cultural management is performed withinIKEA’s operations in China. (China Daily, 2010) Organizational level analysis is based on ethnocentric approach which strategic decisions are made at the parent organization. (Dowling and Schuler, 1990) Managers can hence implement the strategy at a lower labour cost in favour the organizational goal. Overall, different level of analysis can be implied from operational requirement, strategic coordination or business systems. Distinguishing the level of analysis between one another cangreatly benefit the strategy formulation and implementation. (439words) References: China Daily, 2010. ‘IKEA to double stores in China’, Available: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2010-12/16/content_11711019.htm (Accessed: 2011, March 10). Coase, R., 1937. The nature of the firm. Economica, 4, 386-405. Dowling, P. and Schuler, R., 1990. International Dimensions of Human Resource Management, PWS-Kent. Hofstede, G., 2001. Culture’s Consequences – Comparing Values, Behaviors. Institutions and Organizations across Nations. Second Edition. London: Sage Publications. HSBC, 2010. ‘HSBC Holdings plc: Annual Report and Accounts 2010’, Available:http://www.hsbc.com/1/PA_1_1_S5/content/assets/investor_relations/hsbc2010ara0.pdf (Accessed: 2011, March 5). Mendenhall, M, 2000. Mapping the terrain of IHRM: a call for ongoing dialogue, Paper presented at 15th Workshop on Strategic HRM, Fontainebleau, France, and 30 March-1 April. Sparrow, P., 2009. Handbook of international human resource management: integrating people, process and context. United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons. The Walt Disney Company, 2010. ‘Fiscal Year 2009 Annual Financial Report and Shareholder Letter’, Available: http://amedi a.disney.go.com/investorrelations/annual_reports/WDC-10kwrap-2009.pdf (Accessed: 2011, March 2).

Human right issues Essay

India’s earliest settlements are believed to have developed in the culture hearths of the Indus Valley around 2600 B.C.E. and in the Ganges Valley around 1500 B.C.E. These societies were mainly composed of ethnic Dravidians who had an economy based on commerce and agricultural trade. Aryan tribes are believed to have then invaded the area after they migrated into the Indian subcontinent from the northwest. It is thought that they introduced the caste system which is still common in many parts of India today. During the 4th century B.C.E, Alexander the Greatintroduced Greek practices into the region when he expanded across Central Asia. During the 3rd century B.C.E, the Mauryan Empire came into power in India and was most successful under its emperor, Ashoka. Throughout subsequent periods Arab, Turkish and Mongol peoples entered India and in 1526, a Mongol Empire was established there, which later expanded throughout most of northern India. During this time, such landmarks as the Taj Mahal were also constructed. Much of India’s history after the 1500s was then dominated by British influences. The first British colony was in 1619 with English East India Company at Surat. Shortly thereafter, permanent trading stations opened in present-day Chennai, Mumbai and Kolkata. British influence then continued to expand from these initial trading stations and by the 1850s, most of India and other countries such as Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh were controlled by Britain. By the late 1800s, India began working toward independence from Britain but it did not come until the 1940s however when Indian citizens began to unite and British Labor Prime Minister Clement Attlee began to push for India’s independence. On August 15, 1947, India officially became a dominion within the Commonwealth and Jawaharlal Nehru was named India’s Prime Minister. India’s first constitution was written shortly thereafter on January 26, 1950 and at that time, it officially became a member of the British Commonwealth. Since gaining its independence, India has undergone significant growth in terms of its population and economy however, there were periods of instability in the country and much of its population today lives extreme poverty. Government of India Today India’s government is a federal republic with two legislative bodies. The legislative bodies consist of the Council of States, also called Rajya Sabha, and the People’s Assembly, which is called the Lok Sabha. India’s executive branch has a chief of state and a head of government. There are also 28 states and seven union territories in India. Economics Land Use in India India’s economy today is a varied mix of small village farming, modern large scale agriculture as well as modern industries. The service sector is also an incredibly large part of India’s economy as many foreign companies such places as call centers located in the country. In addition to the service sector, India’s largest industries are textiles, food processing, steel, cement, mining equipment, petroleum, chemicals and computer software. India’s agricultural products include rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, tea, sugarcane, dairy products and livestock. Geography and Climate of India The geography of India is diverse and can be divided into three main regions. The first is the rugged, mountainous Himalayan region in the northern part of the country, while the second is called the Indo-Gangetic Plain. It is in this region that most of India’s large-scale agriculture takes place. The third geographic region in India is the plateau region in the southern and  central portions of the country. India also has three major river systems which have large deltas that take over a large portion of the land. These are the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers. India’s climate is also varied but is tropical in the south and mainly temperate in the north. The country also has a pronounced monsoon season from June to September in it southern portion. More Facts about India †¢ India’s people are 80% Hindu, 13% Muslim and 2% Christian. These divisions have historically caused tensions between different religious groups. †¢ Hindi and English are India’s official languages, but there are also 17 regional languages that are considered official. †¢ India has several cities that have undergone place name changes such as Bombay being renamed Mumbai. These changes were mainly done in an effort to return the city names to local dialects, as opposed to British translations.

Business plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Business plan - Essay Example The product section spells out the intended product of trade in this case not just water but clean, treated and safe water for domestic use and any other use deemed necessary and which could be adequately handled. As far as competition is concerned, any business entity has competitors who provide the same product or substitutes. It is this element that aggravates the risk, a component that forms one of the key features of any entrepreneur. Competition itself doesn’t exist in isolation. A market has to exist. The target market is the population that the firm hopes against all hopes to conquer in its bid to get whatever stakes that in play, profit maximization, increasing shareholders equity, social responsibility etc (Abrams, pg 41). The market strategy is all those ways, maneuvers and tactics employed by the management in establishing a brand in the particular market of concern. Penetrating any given market is vital. It is the key to the potential growth of the customer base, the product and/or service and the resultant profits either in the short but in most cases, the long run. Sales refer to the actual amount of the product or service usually in units (with varied units of measurement) that have been acquired by the clientele at a specified amount to which the customers would have the urge to purchase while the seller enjoys the profit (with the possibility of suffering losses). In every circumstance the sales of any commodity, in this case water, is determined by the price, ceteris Paribas. The selling price in itself is a derivative of the manufacturing costs including cost of labor, raw material, processing, warehousing and transportation. A fair price is therefore reached at after taking all these factors into consideration. In this case the storage facility would include the tanks which would be constructed underground as well as some raised above the ground for ease of pumping. After all this is done, the penetration of the market is always a co rrespondent of the intensity of advertisement and promotion, the more intense, the more customers are reached and this would only be reflected in the sales. The production process involves a proper mix of all the factors of production: labor, land, capital and entrepreneurship; the better the ratio the more, successful the business entity. Therefore the management and staff must also consist of highly qualified personnel (Abrams, pg 43). The financial data would show the projections, that is the available funds for operation at any given period of time and the forecasted estimates for use in the future time, in both the short run and long run. This is a very vital part of the business of any firm as it dictates every decision and action(s) implemented. The appendix will show the diagrams and table in the business plan. Aim The main object To acquire a start-up capital to drill, buy the necessary machines and provision thereof of clean, treated and safe water for domestic use. Other aims: To sensitize the public in the need of using clean, treated and safe water at all times. To educate the public on proper use of the natural resources. To sensitize the public on the need to preserve natural habitats. Interview Questions and Responses Q1What is

Political and Economical Polices of the Soviet Union Assignment

Political and Economical Polices of the Soviet Union - Assignment Example The term Glasnost is related to the Soviet Union’s open policy on different branches of the government. On the other side, the Perestroika is generally the reformatory political movement in the Soviet Union aiming to bring forth economic and political restructuring. Before trying to evaluate the relevance of these policies at present, one must try to understand the problems which forced the government to implement the same. These policies are still relevant at present in Russian context because the same can help this nation to ensure smooth functioning of the government machinery. Besides, the transformation of Russian Communism from humane concern to Stalinism resulted in the degradation of the system as a whole. One can see that implementation of innovative economic and political policies can help a nation to be at the forefront of development. Within this scenario, change in economic and political policies, apart from Communist ideology, helped Russia to enjoy the benefits of modernization. So, these policies proved to be successful by limiting the influence of Stalinism and prove to be relevant at present. One can see that the US-Russian relations at present are based upon mutual understanding and co-operation. During the Cold War, the relationship was not smooth but based upon suspicion. Besides, both the nations tried their level best to divide the world nations into different blocs based upon ideological differences. In addition, the change in Russian political and economic policies was helpful to move rapidly towards development. Now, the US government does not consider Russia as a potential enemy in the international arena.  

Role of women in math science and engineering field Essay

Role of women in math science and engineering field - Essay Example Most of the medieval French women scientists living in the ‘Witch Craze’ timeline, such as Martine de Martine de Berterau du Chatalet (famously as Baroness de Beausoleil), did not have formal education. They grew up in social environments conducive for intellectual development or lived in families of scientists. However, the case of Martine de Berterau du Chatalet is not clear, but records indicate that she was married to Jean de Chastelet, Baron de Beausoleil et dAuffenbach and a renowned expert in mining and mineralogy in Europe during the seventeenth century. There are limited sources of information and facts concerning French women scientists, especially during the Witch Craze. This is partly due to the obsession of secrecy by female scientists fearing to be branded as witches. In the mediaeval society, the fear of witchcraft led to the death of a significant number of women, majority of whom constituted the wise women of the French community in the fields of midwifery, alchemists, and herbalists (Rayner-Canham 23). This is what befell Baroness de Beausoleil. Baroness de Beausoleil sought to practice modern science in the seventeenth century. She used a variety of metal rods and hazel branches to locate water and rich mineral deposits. Together with her husband, they travelled through Hungarian, Germany, Polish, Central Europe, Scotia, Sweden, and Papal States, exploring and discovering deposits and mines, as well as studying the basement resources and the prospecting and mining operations in Bolivia. Her tools, practices, and methods incorporated alchemy, astrology, and dowsing. In the book â€Å"Woman in Science†, Mozans reflects Baroness de Beausoleil as lacking patience with those who believed that the hidden treasures of the earth could not be found without the aid of demons or witchcraft magic. More significantly, the book highlights her ridicule to those who believing in

THE STUDY OF EXPECTATION GAP IN THE ACCOUNTING EDUCATION OF UNITED Assignment

THE STUDY OF EXPECTATION GAP IN THE ACCOUNTING EDUCATION OF UNITED KINGDOM & EMPLOYERS REQUIREMENT (ANALYSING LEEDS UNIVERSITY) - Assignment Example The review of literature indicates a framework of educating students in the accounting departments. The studies involve study of the expectation gap, the performance and the constraints gap to help students understand the analysis of the accounting platform. The survey questionnaire aims at providing supportive information to students and universities concerning the study of expectation gap in the accounting education of the United Kingdom. The survey seeks to find information concerning student and employee requirements in the University of Leeds. University Name: Please take time to fill the questionnaire. This will take approximately 30- 45 minutes to finish the questionnaire. Correct response to the questions is important, as it will assist the school and the human resources department in securing a better curriculum in the accounting sector. Thank you for taking time to assist the school in becoming a better education provider. Purpose of the Survey The survey gives insight of t he thoughts of students concerning the present accounting curriculum. It enables the management of Leeds University to handle the challenges concerning the current curriculum. The questionnaire is important hence provide valid and correct information. SECTION A (Answer the provided questions by ticking the appropriate answer) 1. What is your gender? Male Female 2. Kindly tick your year of teaching Freshman Sophomore Junior Senior 3. How old are you? Kindly check the ONE that best describes Under 14 14 -15 16 -17 18 -19 20+ 4. On average, how can you describe your students accounting grades? Kindly chose ONE response Not very good Fair Average Very good Excellent 5. At what level did you start teaching accounting? High school College University Job/ Working Uncertain 6. What aspects would you like to see change in the education sector? Teaching mode Teaching hours Number of classes available Number of lecturers available 7. For how long have you been in Leeds? Kindly pick the ONE tha t describes you Since birth More than 10 years 5-10 years Less than 5 years Analysis of the health 8. Describe your health by choosing ONE response Poor Fair Good Very good Excellent 9. Do you have any long term disabilities like leukemia Yes No 10. In response to the long-term disability, kindly choose the relevant topic I do not have such a condition Learning disability Physical disability Emotional disability Allergies (food) Allergies (respiratory) Asthma Diabetes Other (please specify ______________________________________ 11. Do we need to reconsider the condition before putting you in long hours? I do not have such a condition Yes No 12. In general how satisfied or dissatisfied do you feel about your job? Very Satisfied Satisfied Not sure Dissatisfied Very dissatisfied 13. Express your feelings about the terms and conditions Very Satisfied Satisfied Not sure Dissatisfied Very dissatisfied 14. Check the appropriate box that shows the level of satisfaction. Please check appropr iate box. Satisfied Dissatisfied Uncertain Salary Amount of annual leave Security of employment Flexibility of working hours Your input into decision making within the organization Opportunity for professional development 15. Does the organization support your place to work? Yes No Not sure 16. Does the university provide a friendly place to work? Yes No Not sure 17. How satisfied or dissatisfied are you with the general guidance and managerial direction from the university? Very Satisfied S

Is the US Congress too powerful Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Is the US Congress too powerful - Essay Example In evaluating whether the Congress is "too powerful", it is necessary to consider what it actually does. Congress makes laws, and within the United States this "law-making" role has in fact been made difficult rather than easy. In the United States of America laws are difficult to pass for a number of reasons and in a number of ways. American law is based upon a mixture of English and French law, and the Constitution was designed to produce three co-equal branches of government that would provide checks and balances on one another (Friedman, 1998) . These checks and balances are designed to make laws difficult to pass for a good reason: it stops any one individual, political party or branch of government dominating too much. A weak government makes for a strong people. The co-equal branches of government are designed to make laws difficult to pass. However, in a well-organized administration in which the President has a good relationship with Congress laws can be passed quite quickly and easily. But even when one particular Party has control of the Legislative and Executive branches: the House, the Senate and the Presidency, it can still be difficult to pass laws. This is shown by the difficulties that President Clinton had in 1992-1994 and President Bush has had for much his Presidency. The making of an Ameri... This stops what has been called "the tyranny of the majority" (Brennan, 1996). The President can also veto a bill if it does not have the support of 2/3 of both the House and Senate in order to override the bill. However, pressure put on individual members by key positions such as the Speaker of the House or the Leader of the Senate may moderate the effects of this individual power. Members of each party tend to vote with their party. The process of moving from a Member/Senator's idea through to Bill and on to Law is deliberately set in a complex way. The Bill may be stopped at a number of hurdles, and indeed, the vast majority of Bills never make it to be laws (Sabato, 2006) Overall, a Bill may be introduced by a member of the House or Senate. It is then distributed to each member of the House. The Speaker of the House can then give it to a Committee which will recommend that it be released with a recommendation for passing, release with revision or be set aside entirely and not considered at all. Bills introduced by the majority party tend to be taken more seriously than those form the minority. The majority of Bills that have the support of the major powers in Congress (House, Senate, Presidency) do make it to be laws - the other bills are often never intended to become laws by the Members/Senators that introduce them. In fact they are for discussion or to score political points. The relationship between the House and Senate is designed to produce either compromise or to stop Bills making it to be a law. Bills that pass the House need to be introduced into the Senate, and there they may be adapted or changed to be something completely different in "conference committees" (Wilson, 2005).

The Causality Relation between the Kazakhstan Stock Market and the US Dissertation

The Causality Relation between the Kazakhstan Stock Market and the US Dollar, the Euro and the Russian Ruble - Dissertation Example The relation between the Kazakhstan tenge and other currencies is examined by statistical time series analysis. The relationship of exchange rates over a specific period of time is studied based upon bivariate and multivariate variables. Currency has continuously evolved as the domestic and international vehicle for trade. This paper will define and discuss the history of the causality relation between the Kazakhstan Stock Market and the tenge, and the US Dollar, the Euro, and the Russian Ruble. The research includes a quantitative analysis by using several statistical methods to support the hypotheses. The sample data represents performance analysis from June 2000 to December 2012. Skilled trader George Soros earned one billion dollars in one day, trading currency on the Foreign Exchange market (XE Currency, 2013). Massive amounts of World trade are made possible through stock exchanges. Today, world trade systems have become high-tech, electronic passageways for intercontinental commerce. The Foreign Exchange market (FOREX) is as big as the World Wide Web. Averaging trillions of dollars in transactions each day, the FOREX operates 24 hours a day. However, the stock market did not become what it is today, overnight. Time, trial and error, and the demand for commerce have shaped the stock market exchange into what it is today. The stock exchange is the most crucial element of international trade. Stocks are like football teams, the true fans root for their favorites whether they win or lose. And when they lose, they don’t exchange them for better prospects, they go back to the play room drawing board. Some have argued tha

Synthesis Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Synthesis - Research Paper Example When reflecting upon the value of student services, there are many things that need to be taken into account. One is that the student body is diverse, and is more diverse now than perhaps at any time in the history of higher education Included in this diversity are LGBT students (Komives & Woodward, 2003). Additionally, there are many ethical and legal foundations that must be considered (Hamilton, 2002). Civil Rights laws and affirmative action are the legal aspects that must be considered (Sandeen & Barr, 2006). Diversity is a staple on campus, as there are many ethnicities and first generation students, as well as disabled students and LGBT students (American College Personnel Association, 2006).   Also, as a student professional, I must be concerned with the theory of what guides the profession. There are many learning and development theories, and theories of organization. The guiding organizational theory is one that is considered to be collegial, which means that faculty and staff have autonomy, and may participate in decision-making and governance through committee work and hiring (Komives et al.,   2003). Along the same vein is the theory of leadership that states that collaborative leadership, in which everybody in the community is involved in decision-making, is best (Love & Estanek, 2004). Financial aid is becoming more important to students, as there is increasingly a lack of funding combined with higher tuitions. Other challenges include the fact that technology has increased, which means that e-mail and chat has replaced face to face interaction in many cases.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a student services professional, I must focus upon not just teaching and training, but also advising. Student professionals must be able to understand the problems of the student body, and be able to craft an acceptable solution to these issues. Interpersonal and problem solving skills are essential when advising students, as well as havin g a thorough understanding of developmental and learning theories. Conflict resolution and community building are other skill sets which are necessary for student services personnel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To this end, in my role as a student services personnel, I know that I will have to wear multiple hats, while being a part of a collaborative team. The collaboration of the team will be crucial in solving problems which might crop up with our student body. I must not only know all the details about financial aid packages, and be able to advise the students accordingly, but I also must be able to resolve conflicts between students and the faculty, other students or organizations. One of the ways to resolve these conflicts is through mediation, so I must be familiar with the mediation process and be able to listen to both sides and use my mediation skills to help the opposing parties come to some type of acceptable agreement between them. Cognitive and learning theories will come in handy when advising students about the course that they should take to reach their goals outside of college. Some of cognitive theories are that of Piaget. Piaget discovered that there are ways that people think, reason and make meaning from experiences (Komives, 2003). What this means to me is that there must be challenges for the students – they should always be subjected to new and different stimuli, and should be encouraged to seek out ideological positions which are different from what they currently have. This might mean that I will encourage the students to try different coursework that might develop their ideologies, or coursework that would help them look at subjects in

Use data mining tools (Weka) to enhance a marketing exercise Assignment

Use data mining tools (Weka) to enhance a marketing exercise - Assignment Example Tayko company is almost dispatching their next mail out, the company want to flag out clients who are promotional receptive. This is important because it will help them reduce their cost and also maintain a good relationship with their customers by not becoming a bother to those who do not need the promotion. The company wishes to come up with a better and a targeted list by selecting their clients randomly and sending the trial promotion to them. The paper therefore, mine the data to assist Tayko identify the attributes of companies that show that they will respond positively to the mail-out. This will help improve the performance of mailing promotion. The attitude of the customer toward the product, and the perception of the company of origin are crucial factors when assessing the receptiveness of the customer. As the figures of younger, and high income clients with increasing demand for electronic products continues to grow, the market become interesting and the need on assessing the receptiveness of the clients to the company’s brands and business becomes very crucial. The receptive of the customers to the company’s goods is not considered a conventional framework when selecting the market. However it has crucial implications for the marketing department in sensitizing and assessing the standard, easily accessible risk indicators of commercials used. Tayko introduces the customer receptiveness as an added criterion in the specialized mechanism to the assessment of its customer’s relation. 2. Data pre-processing a) Therefore, the best indicator of the client’s receptiveness to the promotion is attribute number 25 describing the amount spent by client in test mailing in terms of dollars. b) Another attribute that could be selected as this, is the attribute that highlighted the client made purchases in test. The â€Å"test purchase request† will document the service pursuant of sales and has information on the clients name, a ddress, corporation, and firm where the customer’s request. Additionally, it contains the office mailing address, signature, title, name, and the telephone numbers for the client making the request. The attribute is also important because it contains the statement of the conduct nature under investigation. Also, it is crucial because it contains the statement that the service must be tendered at the place and time. c) There are other attributes that are not important in this project. Such attributes includes, â€Å"How many days ago was first update to customer record†, and the sequence number for the customer (Han & Kambe, 2006). The meaningless attributes creates a valued difference between the brands, and during the process. When the meaningless attributes are added they change the decision consumer structure, majorly if the differentiated attribute is hard to evaluate. This may make the consumers to infer the value of attributes. d) Some of the classification model that I designed using the Weka classifier is as shown in the figure below. The above is the visualization of the mailing promotion model. Data @attribute seq numeric @attribute US binary @attribute Freq numeric @attribute web_order {1, 0} @attribute Gender=male numeric @attribute Address_is_res binary @attribute Purchase {1, 0} @data 4, 200210, 200601, 0 5, 200301, 200601, 1 Calculation === Run information === Scheme: weka.classifiers.rules.ZeroR Relation: Ass3Data67_33 Instances: 1501 Attributes: 25 Seq US Source_1

Voting Age Essay Example for Free

Voting Age Essay Democracy is an egalitarian form of government in which all the citizens of a nation together determine public policy, the laws and the actions of their state, requiring that all citizens (meeting certain qualifications) have an equal opportunity to express their opinion. And that opinion is expressed by the simple act of voting which is one of the most important human rights . In lebanon , we get introduced to that concept at a young age in school when kids get to vote for their class president for instance, then we develop a better understand of its political aspect at university. During the 19th century , the most common age at which the citizens acquired the right to vote was 21 or higher . However , by the end of the 20th century the voting age has become 18 in almost all countries with the exception of Lebanon and a few others. Some people believe that Lebanon should lower its voting age from 21 to 18 and many proposals were made regarding that , but are 18 years old here mature enough to make such decisions? Does the Lebanese history allow them to vote independently despite their parents cival war grudges? And finally are we ready to disturb our sectarian balance with the deluge of new voters? In most western countries , when you reach adulthood you become on your own . You move out of your parents house , get a job to pay for your own education and move on from there . Whereas that’s not the case in Lebanon . Rare are the people that leave home at 18 here due to many traditional beliefs youth usually stay with their parents till their married. Thus we don’t learn responsibility at this young age like adults in other countries. It might be true that giving younger people voting rights will force politicians to take them seriously but its also very dangerous 18 year olds although in adult bodies, still have the mind of children that have to be protected . At 21 , their political views are likely to be more thoughtful than at 18 who are just going to copy their parents opinions or adopt silly ideas for the sake of rebellion such as voting for legalizing drugs .. In addition , Lebanon has suffered from a 16 –year civil war. Even though it ended 22 years a go we are still enduring its consequences til this day. So arguments and rules that apply to other countries cant be applied here. The Youth campaign and the Civil one that proposed the lowering of the voting age should reconsider the fact that youth here are very much influenced by their parents who  faught in the civil war and still hold family grudges against each other. They are not independent with their political thoughts , they seek vengeance for their parents instead of making conscious decisions based on knowledge and education after the university experience . Furthermore, university elections have clearly shown over the years that Lebanese youth are not ready or mature enough for this kind of responsibility with all the clashes that has been happening between youth that follow different political parties like the fight between supporters of the Future Movement and Haraket Amal at the Lebanese American University in November 2011 that led to many injuries or even different clashes at Notre Dame University, Lebanese university and others†¦ Last but not least , the main reason why the Lebanese Parliament has rejected the bill to lower the voting age from 21 to 18 is the fact that it led to a sharp division between Muslim and Christian politicians. Lebanon has 18 different sects, that function according to a sectarian law . it seems amending the voting age would add far more Muslims than Christians to voter rolls . Rabih Haber, president of the research company Statistics Lebanon, have done an approximate study and got his numbers from the Interior Ministry . It says that with the new voters, it would add nearly 175,000 Muslims and around 58,000 Christians to the roles with Shia Muslims being the sect with the most potential new voters. To change the voting age , lawmakers must amend the constitution which requires the support of two-thirds of both the cabinet and Parliament which will not happen because different Political Parties have different benefits and this law is only beneficial for Huzballah and Amal and disturbing the sectarian balance in a country like Lebanon can’t be healthy . In Conclusion , I think the perfect age for voting in Lebanon is 21 since at that age the youth have enough maturity and independence to make their own decisions without basing it on history feuds and parental brainwashing. Plus I don’t think Lebanon can afford an instability in its sectarian system just yet . Maybe if we were more politically stable , that change would have been possible but with these conditions I think giving 18 year olds the right to vote can be very dangerous and they might use it in foolish ways . References: http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArchiveDetails.aspx?ID=142180 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_age http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Politics/2011/Nov-01/152795-student-supporters-of-hariri-berri-fight-at-beirut-university.ashx#axzz1qUe64XuF http://www.euromedp.org/testimonies/lebanon/

The war of the worlds Essay Example for Free

The war of the worlds Essay This essay has been written to compare similarities and differences in two fictional stories; The Red Room by H. G. Wells and extracts from 1984 by George Orwell and Winstons experiences in the Room 101. Both of these stories have both distinct similarities and differences in writing style. The main similarities between the two are easily identifiable. For example, they are both set in a room, as the title implies- The Red Room. The Room in the short story is similar in a unique way to Room 101, as they are both associated and fixated on pain or suffering of some kind. In the Red Room the story is based on an unfortunate woman, who met a tragic end due to her husbands attempt to frighten her. Also, anyone who enters the room usually ends up dead, or injured as happens in the story. In Room 101, the room is meant to be so petrifying, no one dare enter. It is strongly associated with fear and, as the text implies with this quote This place was many metres underground, as deep down as it was possible to go. the room ties in with hell. Room 101s mention has an enormous morale dropping effect on anyone who is told to go there. Peoples reactions are astonishing; one man was so persistent in not going he asked the guards to kill his family in front of him, rather then him face Room 101. He was willing to do anything in order not to go, accusing others, holding on to a steel bench for dear life, but it was no use, he could not deny his fate as the guards were so cold, OBrien imparticularly. OBrien was very cold and intent on making Winston as scared as possible, he commented in a schoolmasterish manner, which added to the tension. OBrien has no self-remorse as to what will happen to Winston and it would seem he might even enjoy his evil proposal. The reason for these two stories great success, is the authors ability to build up incredible amounts of tension and fear, both the authors accomplish this very well. Both the stories lead up to a high terror climax, they keep the reader on the edge of their seat until the tension reaches this climax. The Red Room does a particularly good job of this. For example, as the narrator is walking down the corridors the author begins to implement the strangeness and atmosphere of this old creepy house; Its shadow fell with marvellous distinctness upon the white panelling and gave me the impression of someone trying to waylay me. This is just the type of action the reader would expect to happen in a story such as this, this is why the reader is on the edge of their seat, guessing. Although they are two completely different authors, born at different decades, they still share a diverse, descriptive writing style. As George Orwell shows in the 1984 extract, the fear is instilled into the reader as the intensity is prolonged until Winstons fear is about to be realised; The worst thing in the world, said OBrien, varies from individual to individual. It may be burial alive or death by fire, or by drowning, or impalement, or fifty other deaths. This sentence structure alone prolongs the fear and stresses it, using descriptive lists. The purpose to this tension is to keep the reader alert. Small pauses during the texts of the story The Red Room also have the same effect, like if a shadow is spotted or a door creaking. This all builds up to that climaxing point of when the Red Room is entered, and Winstons fear is going to be realised. The characters are used in a very well organised way, they all add to the tension/eerie effect. In The Red Room, the old characters are referred to as their descriptive appearance, not by their names. The author has done this to keep a mysterious tension in the air. One example is The man with the withered arm. Defections such as this make for a much more spooky atmosphere, as it is set in a large mansion, and that character is a stereotypical image of who might live in that type of sinister house. In 1984, the guards are not referred to with their names by the author. They are simply called guards or officers. The reason for this is to show even more that they have no feelings, and have no remorse for others.

The Relationship Between Individuals And Their Environment Social Work Essay

The Relationship Between Individuals And Their Environment Social Work Essay Health visiting is governed by four principles which are the search for health needs, the stimulation of awareness for health needs, raise awareness of health needs and the influence on policy affecting health (). Performing a holistic Health needs assessment is a fundamental part of health visiting. The assessment process is one of the principles set out in the standards of proficiency for Specialist Community Public Health Nurses (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2004). Wright (1998) explains assessment of health needs is not a process of relying on personal experience or listening to clients, but is a systematic method of recognising health needs that are unmet and making changes by encouraging clients to meet these unmet needs. Using a model or a framework is a systematic method of collecting information allowing a clear identification of problems or needs that need to be addressed. Such framework would also go on to guide the planning and implementation of interventions required to meet the priorities for individuals and families. The framework taken from system one, Child Individuals needs assessment was used to perform an assessment. System one is a computer system used in the authors practice area to record patient information. The Child individual needs assessment has been developed from the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families (DoH, 2000). This assessment framework supported the shift in policy from one that focused on abuse and significant harm to an assessment that adopted a broader view of childrens needs and wellbeing and identified impairment in terms of developmental need (Cowley, 2008). Consent has been gained to use the information. In accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) The Code (2008), and to protect confidentiality the names mentioned will remain anonymous. This case study focuses on a mother, Jody who is a single parent of three children. Due to the current demands on the Health Visiting team an antenatal contact visit had not been done. The Health Visiting team had been notified about the birth of baby Harrington and therefore this was a planned home birth visit at 14 days. Health visitors have core contacts they make with families as part of the Health Child Programme () and one them is an antenatal contact. This contact allows health visitors to establish a relationship with families and identify their need. Cowley (2008) states visiting clients in their homes allow health professionals to identify a families area of need and then target services appropriately for their need. However research has demonstrated an antenatal contact is useful to in helping health professionals to identify the risk and resilience factors and create a therapeutic relationship with the client which is necessary for the delivery of future services (Puura et al, 2002, Robert et al, 2002). Recommendations made recently suggest any preventative strategies need to be initiated in the antenatal period (Cowley, 2008). Coles et al () explains a starting point for assessing individuals needs is to analyse whether the need is normative which is defined by professionals, felt need which is defined by the client, expressed need when a felt need become a demand and comparative needs when comparing to others around them and fall short of the established standard. Wills (2007) explains it is important to consider that needs will be thought of differently depending on who is being consulted. The assessment covered Economic Wellbeing Observations which included residence and accommodation status as this can impact on a child. Jody living in a third floor council flat with three children, explained that she would like more space as the flat had two bedrooms with a living room she thought was not big enough. She explained the first bedroom was where she slept and would now have baby Harrington with her in the room. The second bedroom which was small, had a bunk bed and had no room to play in was shared by her eldest daughter Rosie, eleven years old and her younger daughter Ella four years old. The early life environment of a child shapes their life course and in turn can have an effect on their health status over a course of time (Wills, 2007). Housing is an environment where children spend most of their time in the first few years of life therefore require adequate space to live and sleep in. Good quality homes are important for the health and well-being of adults as well as children (). A childs development and wellbeing is shaped by factors such as family characteristics and the social, economic and physical environments in which they are raised. Poor housing environments and overcrowding can have significant impact on childrens physical and mental health as well as emotional and cognitive development (Marsh et al, 1999). The House of Commons () explains overcrowding as having too many people in one room or a room that is not an adequate size. Living in an overcrowded house has found to be linked with ill health costing the NHS approximately 600 million a year (House of Parliament, 2011). Research suggests that poor housing and overcrowding can have a physical impact on a childs healthy development leading to increased risk of asthma, respiratory distress, anxiety as well as lead to accident and injury. Adequate sleep, nutrition and exercise also contribute to a childs healthy physical functioning. Jody revealed she had visited the GP several times in the course of three months complaining that Ella had recurrent chest infections, and taken baby Harrington to the GP the day before as she felt he was having difficulty breathing. Jody went on to say that the bedrooms were showing signs of damp and she had reported this to the housing company and was yet to come out review this. Jody saw the need for mor e housing space as an expressed need as she wanted more living space for herself and children to play in. The housing report (2012) states the latest data found that the number of people living in overcrowded conditions continues to rise, as in 2009 2010 there were 630,000 in overcrowded housing which has risen to 655,000 in 2010 2011. The assessment revealed Jody had no extended family support as her family live in the south of England therefore are far to offer consistent support. Jody had moved to the area over eight months ago following the breakdown of her relationship. The father had left the family due to drinking habits and since the family had struggled to make ends meet. Jody is in receipt of benefits and has not made many friends in the area. Parents are an essential part of a childs development and require support to enable them to provide the right environment. Jody appears to be socially isolated, Armstrong (2002) articulates social isolation can occur when there is a lack of family and peer support. With the lack of this support Jody had it indicated that she had a risk of developing postnatal depression which can have detrimental effects on baby Harrington and her elder two daughters (Bee and Boyd, 2009). Honey, Bennett and Morga (2002) suggest research indicates postnatal depression can hinder a mothers ability to look after the child as well as affect the relationship between mother and child. This can cause problems in the childs emotional and cognitive development. Jody revealed since she had come home from the hospital she had a few teary moments but now felt fine, and also said she had postnatal depression following the birth of Ella. The author planned another visit which would be in a fortnight. This visit wo uld include an assessment of postnatal depression which is carried out at four to six weeks in the practice area. A tool called the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale would be used, which is a ten question self report questionnaire designed by Cox, Holden and sagovsky (1987). (ADD STRENGTHS/ WEAKNESSES OF TOOL?) Meredith and Noller (2003) proposed maternal depression increases the risk of difficult attachment with the infant, developmental, social problems and may lead to suicide. Baby Harrington being 14 days old was in the infancy stage of lifespan development. During infancy a baby will change physically more than any other stage of their life (Bee et al, 2009). Early childhood is consequently the most crucial and vulnerable period of brain development during lifespan. The start of Baby Harringtons life will lay the foundations of good health and well being for later years. Therefore what happens during pregnancy and the early years of life lays the foundations for future development of cognitive, language, physical, emotional, behavioural and social. Language and cognitive development is important during the first six months to three years of life. Sheridan (2008) proposes stimulation, warmth and positive parenting from parents during the early years is vital for the infant to gain maximum growth in the brain. The brain is increasingly sensitive to the influences of the external environment during early childhood. A child in an environment with increased s timulation will mean a child will learn and develop more. A child in an environment with less stimulating, emotionally and physically supportive, development of the brain is affected leading to cognitive, social and behavioural delays. High levels of stress during early childhood increases the risk of learning problems and stress related disease in to the adult years of life. The author found support to be a normative need for Jody, as a supported family environment is a fundamental component in raising a child. Jodys perception was that she was coping with the current situation and did not need support from family or friends as she felt she would be judged by them for not being a good parent to her children. Income was another factor identified through the assessment. The low income was a felt need for Jody as she said her parents were helping her financially. The author saw that having adequate income as a normative need in order to provide the children as well as Jody herself adequate healthy nutrition and a healthy future of well being. A newborn baby can increase expenditure on a family. This may cause Jody stress as it is an increase on feeding another child, Health in the UK is strongly associated with income and is a key determinant of health (Naidoo,). Naidoo () explains having a low income can affect children and adults health directly; this can be due to not having enough to eat or enough to buy a healthy diet. Research suggests obesity in low income families to be linked (). Jody does not drive therefore finds it difficult at times to access the larger supermarkets and is reliant on her local grocery store which can have limited choice and be more expensive. Mostyn et al (2011) suggest if money is an issue parents will feed children food they know they will be likely to eat to avoid wastage. Obesity in children can lead to health problems later in life such as heart disease and diabetes (). Living with a low income can also cause multiple stresses such as lead to parents worrying about their future well being of their children (). Children who live in families in poverty with a low income are also at an increased risk of lower academic achievement (). Jody revealed that she would start looking for employment in the area. Naidoo et al () states individuals who are unemployed are at a greater risk of ill health and mortality. Neumans systems model is a theory based on the importance of an individuals wellness in relation to stress and their reaction to these stressors. Neuman defines stressors as any condition or situation that cause an alteration in the individuals normal state of wellness. The stressors are determined by variables affecting the client system; physiological condition, developmental status, sociocultural influences, cognitive skills and spirituality. The model proposes a continuum of wellness to illness, with the focus on the individuals continuum being influenced by the interaction they may have with a variable and the stressors they encounter. Neuman identified environment that surrounds an individual at any given time can affect their well being. Environment and the individual Clients are influenced by environmental factors The role of the health professional is to focus on the stressors and keep the stressors and the stress response from having a detrimental effect on the individual. This is done through three levels of prevention. Firstly primary prevention is protecting client wellness through prevention and reducing the possibility of an encounter with a stressor as a reaction to the stressor has not yet occurred. This is done by strengthening the individuals line of defence. Secondary prevention is treating symptoms to stabilize the individuals system by strengthening the internal line of resistance reducing the reaction to the stressor. Tertiary prevention focuses on educating an individual to prevent a reoccurrence of an stress response to the stressor through strengthening resistance to these stressors. Jodys environment was a stressor for her as it was affecting her and her children as they did not have enough space to live in and the children did not have space to play. According to neumans model this will affect jodys stability and The absence of ill health and disease is not solely dependent on health. Robinson et al (1996) explains this as only one determinant of health. Health is the state of an individuals optimal well being (WHO,). There are wider determinants of health. Factors such housing, having a safe physical environment, lifestyle, health beliefs, cultural norms, education, socio economic factors employment, emotional and mental state of an individual affects health (). The author found the child assessment to be holistic. Assessing infant development holistically has never been so important (Cowley, 2008). Robinson (2010) purposes having this holistic approach of assessment allows an understanding of a child within the context of their family, community and culture in which they grow up in. Cowley et al () suggests that the framework should not be used as a checklist to assess needs. A needs assessment should include a client centred approach. The framework used for the holistic assessment did not consider the cultural beliefs of an individual or have space were their beliefs could be recorded. There were no prompts of what information was required if an individual had low income or housing that was not adequate. Apply neuman and weaknesses and strength of model! Marmot? http://www.aifs.gov.au/institute/pubs/fm2011/fm88/fm88d.html

Teaching Children with Autism Essay -- Teaching Education Disorders Sp

Teaching Children with Autism There has been an increase in the number of children diagnosed with autism or other autism spectrum disorders. It is likely as an educator that you will have at least one child with this diagnosis in your classroom. This paper explores some of the methods used to teach autistic children. Autism is a disorder characterized by significant problems in communication and social functioning. Autism is actually called Autism Spectrum Disorder and encompasses a broad range disabilities such as Asperger syndrome, Rett’s Syndrome, and Pervavasive Development Disorder (Dunlap & Fox, n.d.). There are also varying degrees of the disorder from low-functioning (no communication and no social interaction) to high-functioning (some communication and inappropriate but existent social skills.) One of the most difficult things teachers will face when dealing with Autistic children is their lack of communication skills and inappropriate or nonexistent social skills. In addition to academic instruction children with Autism require instruction in communication techniques and social skills. Kamps et.al. says â€Å"A key to accommodating students with autism in public school settings is the provision of social and behavioral programming to develop meaningful participation with nondisabled persons† (p.174). There are many techniques that are useful in teaching children with autism communication and social skills. One method is the Responsive Classroom, an instructional approach that integrates the teaching of academic and social skills as an aspect of everyday classroom life (Sapona & Winterman, 2002, p. 30). According to Sapona and Winterman (2002) teachers implementing this model in their classroom include six comp... ...avioral Skills to Children with Autism. Focus on Autistic Behavior, 10 (1), 1-9. Dempsey, I. & Foreman, P. ( 2001). A Review of Educational Approaches for Individuals with Autism. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 48 (1), 105-116. Kamps, D. et.al. (2002). Peer Training to Facilitate Social Interaction for Elementary Students with Autism and Their Peers. Exceptional Children, 68 (2), 173-187. Marks, S. et. al. (2003). Instructional Management Tips for Teahers of Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Teaching Exceptional Children, 35 (4), 50-55. Dunlap, G. & Fox, L. Teaching Students with Autism. ERIC Digest, E582. Winterman, K. & Sapona, R. (2002). Everyone’s Included: Supporting Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders in a Responsive Classroom Learning Environment. Teaching Exceptional Children, 35 (1), 30-35.

The Influences of Sor Juana and Julia de Burgos Essays -- Biography Bi

The Influences of Sor Juana and Julia de Burgos Most every human being has encountered a time in their life when he or she has felt suppressed. However, not every person has stood up against the people and forces that have kept them oppressed. It takes a truly extraordinary person to stand up for their self and to take a stand for the greater good of others. According to Clare Booth Luce: â€Å"courage is the ladder on which all the other virtues mount.† The Mexican writer, Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz and the Puerto Rican writer, Julia de Burgos, acknowledged the fact that they were suppressed by the male gender. Sor Juana and Julia de Burgos did not simply stop at acknowledging the problem at hand. Rather, these two strong and powerful female figures made drastic strides in correcting the problems of male oppression and female subservience. Although from different regions of the world and from different time periods, the writings of Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz and Julia de Burgos have influenced Latin Ameri can writers such as Rosario Castellanos and they continue to impact the feminist movement. Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz’s upbringing greatly influenced her character. In 1648, Juana was born illegitimately in the town of San Miguel de Nepantla, located southeast of Mexico City (Trueblood 2-3). Juana’s mother, Isabel Ramirez, had an independent nature about herself. Like Juana would later do, Ramirez refused to marry (Trueblood 2-3). At the age of ten, Ramirez noticed that Juana had a large capacity for knowledge, so she sent Juana to study in Mexico City (Trueblood 3). After studying alone Juana desired to further seek a life of independence and freedom from authority. To avoid ma... ...ited Amoruso, Carol. â€Å"Julia de Burgos Cultural Center- A Celebration and a Lament.† IMDiversity.com. 4 Aug. 2003. . De Burgos, Julia. â€Å"To Julia de Burgos.† Song of the Simple Truth- The Complete Poems of Julia de Burgos. Ed. Jack Agueros. Willimantic, Ct.: Curbstone Press, 1996. 3-5. De la Cruz, Sor Juana Ines. â€Å"In a Lighter Vein.† A Sor Juana Anthology. Ed. Alan S. Trueblood. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1988. 111-113. â€Å"Julia de Burgos.† Gale-Free Resources. The Cat. Pennsylvania State Library., University Park, PA. 4 Aug. 2003. O’Connell, Joanna. Prospero’s Daughter- The Prose of Rosario Castellanos. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1995. â€Å"Sor Juana’s Chronology.† 1999. 4 Aug. 2003. .

Is Collusion Possible :: essays papers

Is Collusion Possible 1. Introduction. In this essay I would discuss the price and output determination under the one essential type of imperfect competition markets- oligopoly. Inter-firm interactions in imperfect markets take many forms. Oligopoly theory, those name refers to "competition among the few", lack unambiguous results of these interactions unlike monopoly and perfect competition. There is a variety of results derived from many different behavioural assumptions, with each specific model potentially relevant to certain real-world situations, but not to others. Here we are interested in the strategic nature of competition between firms. "Strategic" means the dependence of each person's proper choice of action on what he expects the other to do. A strategic move of a person influences the other person's choice, the other person's expectation of how would this particular person behave, in order to produce the favourable outcome for him. 2. Two types of behaviour (Collusive and non-collusive). Models of enterprise decision making in oligopoly derive their special features from the fact that firms in an oligopolistic industry are interdependent and this is realised by these firms. When there are only a few producers, the reaction of rivals should be taken into account. There are two broad approaches to this problem. First, oligopolists may be thought of as agreeing to co-operate in setting price and quantity. This would be the Collusive model. According to this model, firms agree to act together in their price and quantity decisions and this would to exactly the same outcome as would have been under monopoly. Thus the explicit or co-operative collusion or Cartel would take place. Second approach of the oligopoly analysis is based on the assumption that firms do not co-operate, but make their decisions on the basis of guesses, expectations, about the variables to which their competitors are reaching and about the form and the nature of the reactions in question. The Non-collusive behaviour deals with this model. Here, though in equilibrium the expectations of each firm about the reactions of rivals are realised, the parties never actually communicate directly with each other about their likely reactions. The extreme case of this can even imply competitive behaviour. Such a situation is much less profitable for firms than the one in which they share the monopolistic profit. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the case of the possibility of collusion between firms in order to reach the monopolistic profits for the industry, assuming that they do not co-operate with each other.

Commercial banks Essay

ABSTRACT This report is based on corporate social responsibility. This project report contains the meaning of CSR which includes the advantage of CSR towards bank, society, responsibility of corporate houses, objective of CSR, motive of CSR, responsibility towards customer. This document is all about multidimensional growth of customers for which the bank liable for their service selling. This process leads to upliftment of people life. The banks are not bind to do so but the do these kind of activities for creating a goodwill sense among their customer which leads to growth in lifestyle of the overall society. This gives better environment to the society in which the bank is working. Hence, the present study titled â€Å"A STUDY ON EFFECTIVENESS OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY TOWARDS CUSTOMERS OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN MADURAI†, has assumed greater significance. INTRODUCTION Corporate social responsibility ( CSR, also called corporate conscience, corporate citizenship, social performance, or sustainable responsible business/Responsible Business) is a form of corporate self-regulation integrated into a business model. CSR policy functions as a built-in, self-regulation mechanism whereby a business monitors and ensures its active compliance with the spirit of the law, ethical standards, and international norms. CSR is a process with aim to embrace responsibility for the banks actions and encourage a positive impact through its activities on the environment, consumers, employees, communities, stakeholders and all other members of the public sphere who may also be considered as stakeholders. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Banks play an active role for the economic development of any country. In a present competitive environment bank needs to retain its customer for effective development in any sector. Hence there arises need for corporate social responsibility then only it will leads to development of society as well as growth in bank sector. The present study aims to know the effectiveness of CSR in commercial banks with special reference to Madurai. In this context following questions arises. To measure the level of social obligation To measure the level of effectiveness of corporate social responsibility towards customers of commercial banks. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: To study the effectiveness of corporate social responsibility towards customers of commercial banks. METHODOLOGY The present study is an empirical one based on the survey method. First hand data was collected from the field through interview schedule. Data relating to various customers of commercial banks in Madurai was gathered through interview schedule. The schedule structured was extensively pretested. The survey envisaged the application of convenience sampling. Thus a sample of 300 respondents was decided upon nature of the commercial banks in Madurai. The survey was conducted during 2012-2013 in commercial banks from state Bank of India, Indian bank, Canara Bank, Karurvysya bank, HDFC bank, Axis bank, ICICI bank in Madurai. ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION GARRET RANKING Garret Ranking is used to find out the ranking for respondents opinion towards the enhancing customer value for public sector, private sector, and New generation banks. Step I:  Ranking given by respondents opinion on enhancing customer value TABLE 1 RANKING OF RESPONDENTS opinion towards enhancing customer value. S.No.AttributesRankTotal 12345 1.Sharing bank details1866231129300 2.Comfortable0120524880300 3.Time management00018282300 4.Man management1515765270300 5.Filling forms22120539213300 Source: Primary Data Step II : The assigned ranks by the respondents were converted into percent position value by the formula given below. For each percent position, Using Garrett’s table, corresponding Garrett’s table value is obtained. Formula Per cent Position = 100 (Rij – 0.5) / Nj Rij = Rank given for the ith variable by the jth respondent Nj = Number of variables ranked by the jth respondent. GARRETT’S TABLE VALUE RanksCalculationPercentageGarrett’s Table Value I Rank=100*(1-0.5)/5= 10= 75 II Rank=100*(2-0.5)/5= 30= 60 III Rank=100*(3-0.5)/5= 50= 50 IV Rank=100*(4-0.5)/5= 70= 40 V Rank=100*(5-0.5)/5= 90= 25 Source: Computed data. Step III: Scores are obtained with reference to Garrett’s Table value, and each percentage position value is converted into scores. Here each aggregated ranks are multiplied with corresponding the Garrett’s value obtained in the table. AGGREGATED RANKS Sl. No.AttributesRank 12345 1.Sharing bank details1395037201550840225 2.Comfortable07200260033602000 3.Time management00012607050 4.Man management113253420325018900 5.Filling forms1650720026506440325 Source: Computed data. Step IV: Summation of the scores is worked out for each rank column and means scores calculated by dividing the total score by the number of respondents. Finally, overall ranking is obtained by assigning ranks 1, 2, 3 †¦ in the descending order of mean score. OVERALL RANKING for respondents opinion on enhancing customer value S. No.ReasonTotal ScoreAverageRank 1.Sharing bank details2028567.6I 2.Comfortable1526050.53IV 3.Time management831027.7V 4.Man management1988566.28II 5.Filling forms1826560.89III INFERENCE It is observed from the table Sharing bank details† has been ranked as the first for the Man management has been ranked second, Filling forms third position, followed by Comfortable in fourth rank with Time management ranked as the fifth that influences the respondents opinion on enhancing customer value the in bank’s CONCLUSION Although creating customer satisfaction is not a prime motivation for instituting corporate social Responsibility programs , research linking CSR strategies with positive customer outcomes, such as loyalty, has led to the expectation that these strategies generally have positive flow-on effects for customers. Banking industry surveys have led to the identification of a mismatch between consumer satisfaction levels and massive spending on CSR programs. Further research is warranted. In view of research suggesting that retail banking customers prefer initiatives that create direct customer benefits compared to those that have broader social impacts. To conclude the CSR activities in all the three study banks are not effective. It is proper time on their to promote CSR related activities.

Retention Management

What is Employee Retention ? Employee retentiveness refers to the various policies and practices which let the employees stick to an figure outation for a long-lived period of cartridge clip. E truly arrangement directs clipping and specie to groom a tender joinee, make him a merged localise material and bring him at equation with the living employees. The constitution is on the whole at loss when the employees parting their communication channel erst mend they ar fully trained. Employee custodying takes into sexual conquest the various measures taken so that an aroundbody stay ons in an geological formation for the supreme period of time.Importance of Retention Manage Employee disturbance Employers implement retention st trampgies to manage employee up preparation and attract quality employees into the governing body. Retention programs center on on the muddleinghip amidst steering and their figure outers. Competitive give way, benefits, employee recognition and employee assistance programs ar all apart of a political partys strain to swear employee satisf act. Human mental imagerys specialists utilize feedback they nonplus from exit interviews and focalization throngs to improve employee relations and reduce dollar volume. Cost EffectiveA conjunction motor out signifi tin sewertly benefit from employee retention programs be grounds of a direct effect on an employers bottom railroad. High upset washbasin be truly expensive. According to the hostelry for Human Resources vigilance, employee replacement be tush r distributively as full(prenominal) as 50 to 60 percent of an employees annual salary. St regularizegies ge atomic number 18d towards retaining good doers jocks offset printing employee replacement be and reduces the indirect costs much(prenominal) as decreased productiveness and lost clients. Maintain Performance And productiveness Employee retention practices help nourish an fundamenta l laws productivity.Recruiting and develop new employees takes time. An unoccupied ready mean blend in is non detectting d cardinal. Even if a position is f misadventureed, in that location is still a nurture curve or so employees must drown before their convey becomes profitable. fetching the essential steps to detect current break awayers comfortable with their roles provide ensure productivity is non interrupted. Enhances Recruitment Effective retention strategies lots begin during the employee recruitment suffice. Employees be more than than inclined to stick around with a partnership that fulfills the promises made when their employment offer was extended.Companies that leave a reliableistic view of their bodily environs, advancement opportunities and job expectations to new hires stinkpot corroboratively influence employee retention. Increases Morale Employees that savour what they do and the atmosphere in which they accomplishment are more likely to roost employed with their political party. Retention strategies are principal(prenominal) be birth they help create a positive subject surroundings and streng consequently an employees commitment to the musical arrangement. Strategies that invest employee engagement, such as team- proveers and community involvement, increase connection esprit de corps and slip away employees a sense of reserve in what they do.The procedure of Retention Management The procedure of retention trouble consists of sextet steps5 1. Identification of the scratch and real necessitate of the supply 2. Analysis of the mutation attempt of the staff 3. The Analysis of parts of Motivation/Demotivation of the retention assemblage 4. Identification of the targeted measures 5. death penalty of the measures 6. military rank of the measures clapperclaw 1 Identification of target and actual unavoidably of the staff The startle point is the corporate strategy and patronage objecti ves.The product, market or organisational goals of the federation butt end help to mark strategic staffing needs and the strategic pertinent readinesss of employees. pure t mavin 2 Analysis of the fluctuation risk of staff In step 2, the HR coach-and-four is interested in the degree of the fluctuation risk. First, it is chief(prenominal), to analyse the common portfolio of the potentials and makeance of the employees. In large companies, this could be done with a forethought audit. In fine seames this hindquarters be clarified with an employee interview. This gives the music director teaching virtually the power cordial organisation in the relevant group.But this tuition is non enough to estimate the probability of fluctuation. It is extravagantly necessary to consider the demand for the relevant skills in the push back market. When a handler combines the results of the analysis he seat identify three risk categories, which would pass water a priority for the retention management * Those employees, who are in great demand in the labor market and who train a high capacity, are the key target group for retention management measures. * Those employees, who perform vigorous and whose skills are close towhat in demand in the labor market, strike a mean fluctuation risk.Depending on the corporate strategy they are the snatch weighty target group for retention management measures. * Employees that cast skills that exist in large numbers in the labor market and who also who perform puff up are currently non a relevant retention target. Step 3 Analysis of factors of Motivation/Demotivation of the retention group Now motivators and demotivators must be bring in the identified retention target group. The motivators must be taken into bill and demotivators must be removed with the help of appropriate measures, to ensure that the employees suffer emotive commitment.Motivators and demotivators back be estimated from the outcome of q uestionnaires. laterward a Motivation/Demotivation profile of the retention target group should be formed. Step 4 Identification of the targeted measures The various measures of gay beings resource management relate to polar motivational factors. These connections thunder mug be employ to create a specific matrix in which the action areas of personnel management and appropriate measures allow for be brought unneurotic with the motivational factors. Step 5 Implementation of the measures subsequently(prenominal) the analysis measures will be implemented.Here are virtually heavy aspects * conceptual foundations The measures must be be and apply concord to clear rules, in this mount ad hoc measures lead only to short success with oppose cultural concussion. * cultural fit Measures must be in accordance with the corporate culture and the existing Management tool system For extype Ale, a variable compensation system makes pocket-sized sense without a implementatio n estimation system * Marketing personnel action The application of the measures must be attach to by internal talk. Only past the attacks of a retention manager will be perceived Retention factors By the practice and execution of instrument of retention management policies respect and transparency must be taken into account. Only when these measures convey these values, they will piddle great influence Step 6 Evaluation of the measures After the implementation of the measures it is necessary to assess the success of the activities. This advise be hitd by comparing the results to the objectives that were set in the retention management strategy. After the expiry of the defined period and subsequently application of the retention policies the manager tin fuck check how the objectives were achieved.For ex vitamin Ale, if the objective was that 80% of the defined strategically relevant staff should be in origin at time X, then the manager end destine whether this ratio was reached at time X, and whether it was exceeded or non exceeded. From this statement the manager can derive new measures and draw conclusions about the practice of the concept of retention management. all-important(a) conditions for the success of retention management are on the one hand, military man resource management in the company, and on the opposite hand project management of the implementation of retention management. Determinants of Retention CAREER information OPPORTUNITIES life history development is a system which is organized, adjudge and its a planned effort of achieving a balance surrounded by the case-by-case career needs and the make-ups grazeforce take upments (Leiboiwitz et al, 1986). The rapidly growing sentience makes it obvious that peck can give the firm its leading edge in the market place. The new challenge for the HR professionals is to identify the developmental strategies which can exhort the commitment of employees to the firms armorial bearing and values so that the employees become propel and help the firm to gain and maintain a matched advantage (Graddick, 1988).A company that wants to strengthen its bond with its employees must invest in the development of their employees (Hall type A Moss, 1998 Hsu, Jiang, Klein amp Tang, 2003 Steel et al. , 2002 Woodruffe, 1999). It entails in creating opportunities for promotion in spite of appearance the company and also providing opportunities for teaching and skill development that let employees to improve their employability on the internal and/or external bear on market (Butler amp Waldrop, 2001). Growth opportunities which were offered by the employers are reduced due to employee overturn intentions of employees because the lack of training and romotional opportunities was the main cause for high-performers to leave the company (Allen, Shore amp Griffeth, 2003 Steel et al. , 2002). Career development is important for approximately(prenominal)(prenominal) th e organization and soulfulness (Hall, 2002). Its a mutual benefit process because career development provides the important outcomes for both parties (Hall, 1996 Kyriakidou and Ozbilgin, 2004). giving medications need natural endowmented employees for maintaining the sustainable competitive advantage and individualists require career opportunities to develop and grow their competencies (Prince, 2005).SUPERVISOR SUPPORT One of the most important factors that feed impact on retention is the relationship between a pretender and a supervisor. Supervisors are the human face of an organization. According to Eisenberger and associates (1990), a workers view of the organization is potently influenced by their relationship with their supervisor. By having acquit, workers are less likely to leave an organization and be more engaged by having good relationship and open communication with the supervisor (Greenhaus, 1987).Supervisors interact as a link to practice applications among stat ed goals and expectations. By harmonizing the competing demands, they support in managing both inner and outside the work milieu. If the relationship does non exceed then employee will undertake to any separate opportunity for new employment and vice versa. The supervisor support is so essential to retention that it can be said that employees leave bosses, not jobs. Organization must groom supervisors to well build the place where employees want to stay.Providing each level of performance and opportunities can resurrect their capabilities to work. WORK ENVIRONMENT Numerous studies have attempted to explain work environment in various areas such as for example employee derangement job gratification employee derangement, job involvement and organisational commitment. action environment is one of the factors that affect employees last to stay with the organization. Hytter (2008) analyzed that work environment has ordinarily been suitcase forthed by industrial perspective, i. e. ith a focus on carnal aspects such as, heavy lifts, noise, exposure to deadly substances etc. The interesting part is characteristics of work environment vary in operate sector as compare to output signal sector because it has to interact with the clients/consumers (Normann 1986). Depending on the strain of strain and kind of job, fundamental interactions will be more or less habitual and more or less intense. The interaction between employees and consumer/client hence demands a move of focus from the physical to the psycho amicable dimension of work environment.Psycho social work environment includes support, work load, demands, decision latitude, stressors etc. Its very important to recognize the emerging needs of individuals to keep them committed and provide the work environment as necessitate (Ramlall, 2003). Milory (2004) inform that people enjoy working, and strive to work in those organizations that provide positive work environment where they musical note they are making disparity and where most people in the organization are proficient and pulling in concert to move the organization forward. REWARDSThe term avenge is discussed frequently in the literature as something that the organization gives to the employees in response of their contributions and performance and also something which is desired by the employees. A reward can be adventitious or intrinsic it can be a cash reward such as bounces or it can be recognition such as call a worker employee of the month, and at another(prenominal) times a reward refers to a tangible incentive, reward is the thing that an organization gives to the employee in response of their contribution or performance so that the employees become do for future positive carriage.In a corporate environment rewards can take some(prenominal) forms. It includes, cash bonuses, recognition awards, free switch and free trips. It is very important that the rewards have a lasting impression on the employ ee and it will continue to substantiate the employees perception that they are valued. Rewards are very important for job satisfaction because it fulfills the basic needs as well as helps to attain the higher(prenominal) level of goals. network is the way by which worker get to cheat that how much they are gaining by dedicating their time, effort and skills in a job.Attractive allowance packages are one of the very important factors of retention because it fulfills the financial and material desires as well as provide the means of being social by employees status and position of power in the organization. more researchers demonstrate that on that point is a great deal of inter-individual difference in understanding the significance of financial rewards for employee retention. An organizations reward system can affect the performance of the employee and their desire to go on employed. WORK-LIFE POLICIESMany researchers tested the impact of work and family benefits which perso nify of flexible schedules, childcare assistance, parental leave, childcare information and parental leave on organization commitment. Researches figureed that there is greater organizational commitment if employees had devil to work regaining policies and also these employees articulated considerably with freeze off intent to renounce their profession. Today a major concern in business is formulateplace flexibility. The one thing becomes very clear that money alone is not enough employees are willing to plenty a certain bill of money for reduced work hours in their schedules.It is argued by the researchers that reduced work hour options should have the potential of win-win situation for both individuals and organizations, there should be a fit between the schedule the person needs and the actual number of hours worked. Distress and fatigue from excessive time on job can lead to decline in performances of the employee and also it affects the safety level. A large amount of time at work is not a good predictor of productivity and it is observed that periods of time away from work can be extremely honest to the quality and productivity of a persons work.The employee willingness to opt for reduced hours schedules is not simply a matter of plan it involves redesigning work arrangements which leads to change in organization culture and careers, viable reduced-hours career options require simultaneous changes in the areas of compensation, assignments and promotions. So it is more cost-effective and productive for management to design the work arrangements to fit the human than it is force the human to fit the system (Barnet amp Hall, 2001).By applying work-life course of actions, an organization can produce its ability to respond to demands of customers for unwrap access to services and also the tactics for the organizations to deal with the revolutionized way in order to forgather both employees and employers . ABSENTEEISM Absenteeism is a serious b ody of work occupation and an expensive occurrence for both employersand employees seemingly unpredictable in nature. A satisfactory level of attendance byemployees at work is necessary to allow the exploit of objectives and targetsby a department. Employee Absenteeism is the absence seizure of an employee from work.It is a major problem faced by some all employers of today. Employees are absentfrom work and hence the work suffers. Absenteeism of employees from work leads toback logs, piling of work and thus work delay. Absenteeism is of two types -1. gratis(p) absenteeism Is one in which the employee is absent from workdue to unfeigned cause or reason. It may be due to his illness or personalfamily problem or any other real reason2. Culpable Absenteeism is one in which a person is absent from workwithout any legitimate reason or cause. He may be pretending to be ill or justwanted a holiday and stay at home.Many employees will, on occasions, need a few days off work becaus e of illness, however, whenabsences become more frequent or long term and reach an unimaginable level, action bymanagement is necessary. absence from work can be expensive in both monetary and humanterms. The costs incurred when an employee is absent from work may include(i) transposition the employee or requiring other staff to cover the absence(ii) Inability to provide services, or achieve section and departmental objectives(iii) Low team spirit and oecumenic dissatisfaction from other staff, particularly if the absence isHigh absenteeism in the employment may be indicative of poor morale, but absences can also be ca employ by work hazards or sick building syndrome. Many employers use statistics such as the Bradford factor that do not distinguish between genuine illness and absence for strange reasons. As a result, many employees fancying at obliged to come to work while ill, and transmit communicable diseases to their co-workers. This leads to even greater absenteeism a nd reduced productivity among other workers who exploit to work while ill.Work forces a good deal apology absenteeism caused by medical reasons if the worker supplies a doctors note or other form of documentation. Sometimes, people choose not to show up for work and do not call in advance, which businesses may fall out to be unprofessional and inconsiderate. This is called a no call, no show. According to Nelson & Quick (2008) people who are displease with their jobs are absent more frequently. They went on to say that the type of dissatisfaction that most often leads employees to miss work is dissatisfaction with the work itself.The mental model that discusses this is the withdrawal model, which assumes that absenteeism represents individual withdrawal from dissatisfying working conditions. This finds empirical support in a negative companionship between absence and job satisfaction, especially satisfaction with the work itself. 1 Medical-based understanding of absenteeism find support in research that relate absenteeism with smoking, problem drinking, low back pain, and migraines. 2 Absence ascribed to medical causes is often still, at least in part, unpaid.Research shows that over one meg dollars is lost annually due to productivity shortages as a result of medical-related absenteeism, and that change magnitude focus on balkative wellness could reduce these costs. 3 The line between psychological and medical causation is blurry, given that there are positive links between both work stress and picture and absenteeism. 2 Depressive tendencies may lie behind some of the absence ascribed to poor physical health, as with adoption of a culturally O.K. sick role.This places the adjective disorder before the word absence, and carries a burden of more proof than is unremarkably offered. Evidence indicates that absence is generally viewed as mildly deviant workplace carriage. For example, people tend to hold negative stereotypes of absentees, under report their own absenteeism, and swear their own attendance record is better than that of their peers. Negative attributions about absence then bring about three outcomes the behavior is open to social control, sensitive to social context, and is a potential source of workplace conflict.Thomas suggests that there tends to be a higher level of stress with people who work with or interact with a narcissist, which in turn increases absenteeism and staff turnover upset Employee turnover is the process of replacing one worker with another for any reason. A turnover rate is the percentage of employees that a company must replace indoors a given time period. This rate is a concern to most companies because employee turnover can be a dear(p) expense, especially for lower-paying jobs, which typically have the highest turnover rates. Having n employee leave a company, either because of his or her choice or after being fired or differently let go, might require various administrative t asks to be performed and severance pay or other payments made to the employee. Replacing the employee might require such things as advertising the open position, using a so-called headhunter or other service to find potential job candidates, bringing in candidates for interviews and eventually training the new employee. Types Of Turnover The two general types of turnover are freewill and in volunteer(prenominal).Voluntary turnover is when the employee chooses to leave for whatever reason. Involuntary turnover is caused by layoffs and similar actions where the decision for an employee to leave is made by the company and not the employee. As a general rule, voluntary turnover is the measure used to discuss and compare employers. It is the type most immediately affected by the front line supervisors. Involuntary turnover, caused by layoffs, can be a long-term result of high levels of voluntary turnover. What Is Turnover RateTurnover rate is a calculation of the number of employees wh o have left wing the company and it is expressed as a percentage of the total number of employees. Although turnover rate is usually calculated and reported as a percentage per course of instruction it can be for different periods. How to prevent turnover Employees are important in any running of a business without them the business would be unsuccessful. However, more and more employers today are finding that employees remain for approximately 23 to 24 months, according to the 2006 Bureau of Labor Statistics.The Employment policy Foundation states that it costs a company an average of $15,000per employee, which includes separation costs, including paperwork, unemployment vacancy costs, including extra time or temporary employees and replacement costs including advertisement, interview time, relocation, training, and decreased productivity when colleagues depart. Providing a stimulating workplace environment, which fosters happy, motivated and empowered individuals, lowers emplo yee turnover and absentee rates. 10 Promoting a work environment that fosters personal and professional return promotes concurrence and encouragement on all levels, so the effects are felt company wide. 10 Continual training and reinforcement develops a work force that is competent, consistent, competitive, effective and efficient. 10 offset on the outset day of work, providing the individual with the necessary skills to perform their job is important. 11Before the first day, it is important the interview and hiring process come apart new hires to an explanation of the company, so individuals know whether the job is their best choice. 12 Networking and strategizing within the company provides ongoing performance management and helps build relationships among co-workers. 12 It is also important to motivate employees to focus on customer success, profitable growth and the company well-being . 12 Employers can keep their employees informed and involved by including them in future plans, new purchases, policy changes, as well as introducing new employees to the employees who have gone above and beyond in meetings. 12 Early engagement and engagement along the way, shows employees they are valuable through and through information or recognition rewards, making them feel included. 12 When companies hire the best people, new talent hired and veterans are enabled to reach company goals, maximizing the investment of each employee. 12 Taking the time to listen to employees and making them feel involved will create loyalty, in turn reducing turnover allowing for growth. grinding scrape or Employee Attrition is a voluntary reduction in an organizations manpower through resignations or retirements. A high attrition rate causes a high employee turnover in an organization, reducing quantity and quality of an organizations manpower.This in turn causes a huge expenditure on human resource, by contributing towards repeated encyclopaedism, training and development, and pe rformance management. Attrition or voluntary turnover, although undesirable to any firm, is not completely avoidable. Yet, by improving employee morale and providing a satisfactory working environment, this problem can be nullified to a greater extent. A major cause for voluntary turnover is uninteresting and unchallenging job that offers tediousness rather than enthusiasm for employees. Employees who experience boredom at work usually listen exploring alternatives to make their work life happier.An palmy track to retain these employees is by adopting some sort of job shift through job enrichment, empowerment, de-jobbing, or job rotation. there is also a great impact from the working environment that an organization offers to its employees. An hard put employee with organizational culture, superiors, subordinates, or even customers cause high attrition rate to that organization. These employees can also influence his peers and subordinates by share-out their feelings and opini on. There is also another group of employees who hunt for better alternatives and hop as they get one.These employees may rather knock off their majority of working hours in probing new options than contributing to the present employer. This means, behaviour and attitude of an employee also can cause attrition. Why do Employees Leave the Organization? It is said that people leave their bosses,not organizations. When employees are happy with their superiors they choose to stay, if not they look for a switch. So now I see the following reasons to Leave the stamp * Higher pay * Work timings * Career growth * Higher education * resettlement to other places Women leave the job after marriage to take up their house-hold duties * Work pressure * Work Environment * unfortunate performance. * Losing faith on merger/acquisition * Verbal abuse The Brighter Side of Attrition * A poor performer is replaced by a more effective employee * A senior retirement allows the promotion or acquisitio n of welcome fresh blood. * When business is slack it is straight forward to hold off filling recently created vacancies for some weeks. Diagnosing Attrition Commonly employ Techniques in the Industry 1. Surveys They are commonly used as part of the information gathering process.They are a clean way of obtaining relevant information, though response rates are often disappointing. Questionnaires need to be designed carefully to be effective. They should be easy to use, anonymous and more or less brief. Questions can be open or closed, multiple choice answers, ranking of items or checklist format. 2. Exit Interviews Exit interviews are used by the majority of companies. They tend to be conducted just before an employee leaves, though some firms wait until after the departure. Exit interviews will normally to be done in the form of a questionnaire, though one to one interviews are also used.